Two Harbors Investment Corp. (NYSE:TWO) Q3 2023 Earnings Call Transcript

Two Harbors Investment Corp. (NYSE:TWO) Q3 2023 Earnings Call Transcript October 31, 2023

Operator: Greetings and welcome to the Two Harbors Investment Corp. Third Quarter 2023 Financial Results Conference Call. At this time, all participants are in a listen-only mode. A brief question and answer session will follow the formal presentation. [Operator Instructions] As a reminder, this conference is being recorded. It is now my pleasure to introduce your host, Maggie Karr, Head of Investor Relations. Thank you, Maggie. You may begin.

Maggie Karr: Good morning, everyone, and welcome to our call to discuss Two Harbors’ third quarter 2023 financial results. With me on the call this morning are Bill Greenberg, our President and Chief Executive Officer; Nick Letica, our Chief Investment Officer; and Mary Riskey, our Chief Financial Officer. The press release and presentation associated with today’s call have been filed with the SEC and are available on the SEC’s website, as well as the Investor Relations page of our website at twoharborsinvestment.com. In our earnings release and presentation, we have provided reconciliations of GAAP to non-GAAP financial measures, and we urge you to review this information in conjunction with today’s call. As a reminder, our comments today will include forward-looking statements, which are subject to risks and uncertainties that may cause our results to differ materially from expectations.

An aerial view of a large, newly constructed residential community in Arlington, Texas.

These are described on Page 2 of the presentation and in our Form 10-K and subsequent reports filed with the SEC. Except as may be required by law, Two Harbors does not update forward-looking statements and disclaims any obligation to do so. I will now turn the call over to Bill.

William Greenberg: Thank you, Maggie. Good morning, everyone, and welcome to our third quarter earnings call. Today, I’ll provide an overview of our quarterly performance and the markets. Mary will cover our financial results in detail and Nick will discuss our portfolio and return outlook. Let’s begin with Slide 3. Our book value at September 30th was $15.36 per share, representing a negative 3.5% total economic return. Income excluding market-driven value changes or IXM was $0.51 per share, representing a 12.6% annualized return. This backward looking metric or realized return is analogous to the forward-looking metrics on Slide 14, but includes actual cash flows, actual prepayments and actual costs incurred in the quarter.

Please turn to Slide 4. Undoubtedly, the highlight of our third quarter was the closing of the acquisition of RoundPoint Mortgage Servicing, which reinforces our commitment to MSR as a core and essential part of our strategy. When we first envisioned acquiring a servicer, our goal was to achieve economies of scale, improve MSR economics, and be able to leverage a more expansive set of opportunities in the mortgage finance space. Everything we have seen at Roundpoint in the last year from the announcement through the closing has given us confidence that our visions were not misplaced. Let me expand a little more on this topic. The sub-servicing model works well, when you have a small portfolio, because the cost to service is a fixed number of dollars per loan.

However, when a portfolio gets to a certain size, it becomes more expensive since the marginal cost of service is lower than the average cost. For instance, the cost less to service the one millionth loan than it does the 100,000th loan or the very first loan. Conventional wisdom says that portfolios with the approximately 500,000 loans are about break, even and this conforms with our own observations and estimates. As a reminder, we are owners of MSR related to more than 850,000 loans. By bringing our servicing in-house, we can enjoy all cash flows related to the assets, whereas previously, we only participated in a fraction. Although we were already receiving 100% of the float income associated with holding the principle and interest and taxes and insurance, we only received about 15% of the late fees and other ancillary income and we did not receive any incentive payments from the GSEs for helping delinquent borrowers.

These extra cash flows can be quite meaningful on a large and growing portfolio. In addition to the immediate economics, I just described, the intent to grow Roundpoint’s third-party sub-servicing business, Roundpoint currently services approximately 80,000 loans from a total of six through third-party clients. We believe that we can grow this significantly. Furthermore, we will be, as they say, heating our own cooking, which means that we can provide the same experience to clients as they tag along with what we will be doing for our own portfolio. To-date, we have transferred approximately two-thirds of our MSR portfolio from our sub-servicers to Roundpoints. We have three final transfers remaining and expect the last one to take place in June 2024.

At the end of that process, we estimate that Roundpoint will have approximately 930,000 loans on the platformm which will make it the eighth largest servicer of conventional loans in the country. The team at Roundpoint has done an excellent job of facilitating these loan transfers. October 1st 2023 marks one year since our initial servicing transfer. Roundpoint has been able to keep up with the expanding portfolio through successful recruiting, technology refinements, and a commitment to delivering exceptional service to every customer. Since last October, Roundpoint has completed eight reallocation transfers totaling approximately 600,000 loans. As one measure of the capabilities of the Roundpoint team, the average 30 plus day delinquency rate, 90 days post transfer is 16 basis points lower than it was before the transfer.

Additionally, with an operating entity, we can also participate more fully in the structured finance housing market. This includes areas like new loan products, reverse mortgages, HELOCs, second liens and other ancillary products. We have an incredible opportunity to grow Roundpoint’s and Two Harbor’s businesses together. Most importantly, this acquisition results in a bottom-line benefit to stockholders. We anticipate that the operation of Roundpoint will be accretive to our 2024 pre-tax earnings by $25 million to $30 million. Mary will detail this and the purchase price more fully in her remarks. Turning to Slide 5, I’d like to engage in a brief discussion on the markets. The fixed income markets fluctuated during the quarter as participants tried to understand potential future Fed action or inaction.

The June reading of headline CPI of 3.0% showed good progress coming down from a high of 9.1% the year prior. However, CPI readings in August and September increased back to 3.7%. There are, of course more factors that go into determining the markets reactions, but it all led to interest rates generally rising over the quarter with greater acceptance of Fed funds rates close to their peak and likely higher for longer along with concerns about greater treasury supply, and spillover effects from overseas central bank tightening, the SOFR interest rates swap market curve repeat materially bear steepened as the quarter progressed. The ten year swap rate rose 68 basis points from 3.6% to 4.3% while the two-year swap rate rose 15 basis points from 4.8% to 5.0% as you can see in figure 1.

The rate on current coupon MBS increase 60 basis points from 6.7% to 7.3%. Note that these rates are current coupon rates and not primary mortgage rates, which are often 75 to 100 basis points higher. At quarter end, the market’s projection for short-term rates was that they should come down moderately through 2024 landing at around 4.7% at the end of next year, as seen in figure 2 on the right-hand side of this slide. Compared to the shape of the front end of the curve in previous periods, current expectations have changed calling for fewer cuts in total and extended out in time. The Fed has been clear that interest rate cuts are not imminent, and it seems that the market has finally taken the Fed at face value. Elevated rate and spread volatility can pose near-term challenges to the sector.

But if rate volatility moderates, spreads at this level are very attractive for investing our agency portfolio. Additionally, with our MSR weighted average coupon at 3.4%, it is so far out of the money that we have a very low convexity, low duration asset with stable cash flows. As you will see on our return potential slide, we believe that our combined strategy can generate low-to-mid teens returns in this environment. October has seen continued difficulties in the MBS and interest rate markets. While rates have continued their upward trajectory, geopolitical volatility and its attendant flight to quality have not tempered the upward rise and caused large movements to intraday levels of rates as well as in mortgage spreads. This is why we believe it remains prudent to maintain a neutral leverage position and low risk exposures.

Despite the continued market volatility, this is an exciting time for Two Harbors. We are uniquely positioned to capitalize on opportunities in agency RMBS and MSR and our size allows us to be nimble enough to do so. The addition of Roundpoint improves our outlook as we expect to realize further operational and cost efficiencies as it becomes fully integrated into Two Harbors. Finally, we posted the first of our conversation series of videos last night. You can find them on our website under Investors and Insights. Each quarter, we planned to reach videos on special topics in the REIT industry or specific to Two Harbors. We hope that you find these helpful and interesting. And with that, I’d like to hand the call over to Mary to discuss our financial results.

Mary Riskey: Thank you, Bill and good morning. Please turn to Slide 6. The company incurred a comprehensive loss of $56.8 million or $0.61 per weighted average share in the third quarter. Our book value was $15.36 per share at September 30th, compared to $16.39 at June 30th including the $0.45 common dividend results in a quarterly economic return of negative 3.5%. Let’s take a moment to review the Roundpoint, acquisition purchase price and anticipated post-closing adjustments. As a reminder, we paid a preliminary purchase price of $23.6 million, which was equal to Roundpoint’s tangible net book value, plus a premium of $10.5 million, less certain purchase price adjustments. Additionally, we agreed to pay certain post-closing adjustments, which reflect the earnings of Roundpoint from October 1st 2022 through September 30th, 2023.

While these adjustments will be finalized in the next 30 days or so, and are subject to change, we currently estimate that this adjustment will add approximately $21.1 million to the aggregate purchase price. The estimated final purchase price of $44.7 million is reflected in our financial statements at September 30th, 2023 and resulted in goodwill and other intangibles of $28.4 million. In addition, we expect to pay a total of $16 million dollars in deporting fees to move our loans from our sub-servicers to Roundpoint. It’s worth noting that $10 million of these deporting fees has already been realized and paid and are reflected in our current book value. In combination with the expected incremental earnings of $25 million to $30 million, that Bill highlighted, we expect a return of approximately 60% on the invested capital.

Please turn to Slide 7. IXM for the third quarter was $49.3 million or $0.51 per share, representing an annualized return of 12.6%. This was within the range of our estimated return potential of $0.45 to $0.61 at the end of last quarter. Moving to Slide 8, let’s look at some detail of the quarter-over-quarter variances in IXM. IXM is lower quarter-over-quarter by $8.2 million. Although it appears that IXM was primarily impacted by increased funding costs. These individual components shouldn’t be viewed in isolation. In fact, the primary driver of the overall decrease in IXM was a reduction in asset balances and the large move hiring rates which pushed the portfolio further out of the money. As you will see on Slide 10, there’s a steep slope to static spreads, which shows that MBS spreads are tighter for securities that are further out of the money.

This had the effect of lowering the aggregate spread of the assets and IXM over the quarter as a whole. As a reminder, IXM reflects our daily adjusted holdings over the quarter as opposed to our return potential, which reflects a snapshot of our holding as they existed at quarter end. There can be quarterly distortions in IXM like rolling repo or the timing of MSR cash flows, but we believe it is the most helpful way for our investors and analysts to understand the current quarter return contributions. IXM is complementary to the return potential and outlook slide later in the presentation, which reflects our view on prospective returns. Please turn to Slide 9. Spreads and repurchase agreements remained stable and liquid with financings for RMBS between SOFR plus 19 to 23 basis points.

At quarter end, our weighted average days to maturity for our agency repo was 99 days, which helps us maintain stability in our financing. The financial MSR across four lenders, with $1.7 billion of outstanding borrowings under bilateral facilities and $296 million of outstanding five-year term notes. We ended the quarter with a total of $504 million unused MSR financing capacity and $166 million unused capacity for servicing advances. I will now turn the call over to Nick.

Nicholas Letica: Thank you, Mary. Please turn to Slide 10. Over the third quarter, the correlation of higher rates, higher, volatility, and wider mortgage spreads remained in place. Nevertheless, the active management of our agency coupon positioning and our exposure to MSR, coupled with disciplined re-hedging of our interest rate risk as yields rose, protected the portfolio and resulted in less of an impact to our book value. Let’s look at figure one, mortgage spreads performed well in July as rates and volatility remained stable. Only they weakened during the months of August and September, as the yield of the 10-year treasury notched its highest level in over a decade. For the current coupon the nominal spreads of treasuries widened by 11 basis points over the quarter to 151 basis points, while the OAS increased 48 basis points, only wider by four basis points, given the concurrent increase in volatility.

At these levels, spreads remain very wide historically with a nominal current coupon spread, well, above the 90th percentile of long-term history. In a nearer term context, spreads finished the quarter much closer to their averages since the beginning of June, a period that is mostly passed the distortions of the banking crisis and raising the debt ceiling in the second quarter. Focusing solely on the current coupon does not reveal the underperformance of lower coupons for the quarter, most of which took place during the later half of September as longer end rates shot higher. What made us particularly interesting is that the FDIC successfully completed their sales of lower coupon MBS like two and a halves by early August, at which point the bonds had recovered almost all the widening that occurred since the banking crisis was touched off in March.

Call it guilt by association, but given the rise in rates and steepening of the yield curve, there was clearly no love for longer duration bonds, and lower coupons at the longest duration RMBS. Figure two shows quarter-over-quarter spread curves in nominal and option adjusted terms. It’s evident how much the lower coupons underperformed by seeing the curve flattening from one quarter to the next, particularly, when focusing on option-adjusted spreads. As is expected, when coupons go up so do spreads, compensating the investor for a greater degree of repayment risk. As you can see, the nominal curve in blue is still downward sloping, but less so than last quarter, but the higher coupons close to unchanged and the lowers moving higher. The option-adjusted curve at quarter end was remarkably flat, especially considering the dramatic range of Morgan coupons available in the market and their inherently different risks.

Now let’s turn to Slide 11 and discuss our portfolio positioning and activity in the third quarter. At September 30th, our portfolio was $14.1 billion, including $12 billion of settled positions. On the top right of the slide, you can see a few bullets about our risk positioning and leverage. Our quarter end economic debt-to-equity was 6.3 times. Against the backdrop of continued elevated rate and spread volatility, we think it is prudent to maintain a neutral leverage position. Importantly, we don’t need to add more leverage to generate strong returns, as you will see in a few slides when we detail our return outlook. We kept our book value exposure to changes in rates low, but maintained a short duration bias given the propensity for MBS to widen as rates increase, particularly to long-end rates making new highs.

You can see more detail on our risk positioning by looking at slides 16, 17, 28 and 29 in the appendix. On the bottom right of this slide, we’ve highlighted our portfolio activity in the quarter for both agencies and MSR, which we will address in detail in the following slides. Please turn to Slide 12 to review our agency portfolio. Figure one shows the composition of our specified pool holdings by coupon and story and then figure two you can see the performance of TBAs and the specified pools we own throughout the quarter. Through the entire stack underperformed, on a relative basis, we benefited from having a concentrated exposure to the upper belly coupons like 4.5s and 5s. These coupons outperformed primarily due to two factors, demand for money managers that have previously been focused on lower coupons from FDIC sales and diminished supply, as mortgage rates, moved higher pushing them fully out of the production window.

Specified pools also outperformed TBAs. Roles generally traded below carry making specified pools of better choice, particularly with semi-season pools that prepaid particularly well during the summer months. We actually managed our positioning in the quarter, strategically moving our exposure within the coupon stack, as well as rotating some TBA exposure to specified pools. Most notably, we moved close to two billion of our TBA 5 position, predominantly up in coupon to sixes and six and a halves. The rotation was driven by several factors, including strong performance in the quarter by the upper belly coupons as we already discussed, the natural need to reset our current coupon hedged against our MSRs rates sold off. And our belief that into a higher for longer environment, higher coupon should outperform.

Figure three on the bottom right shows our specified pool prepayment speeds, which were 6.7% CPR in the third quarter, increasing modestly from the second quarter. Given that our pool position is concentrated in discount bonds, faster, speeds are beneficial to our performance. As you can see from the chart, on aggregate speeds on these pools were materially faster than TBAs, hence providing more returns. Please turn to Slide 13. Our MSR portfolio was $3.2 billion in market value at September 30th. This was down slightly from June 30th because of the conversion of approximately 1.2 basis points of MSR to IO securities, reducing the net servicing fee on MSR to 25.2 basis points. We did not buy any MSR through bulk purchases in the quarter, but did add $472 million through float purchases and recapture.

Speeds on our MSR holdings paid 4.9% CPR declining 9.3% from the prior quarter. Over 60% of our MSR have a weighted average loan age of 20 to 40 months and those had a CPR of only 4.3%. We expect prepayment rates to fall again in the fourth quarter, reflecting weaker seasonal factors, and the rise in primary rates. With the weighted average mortgage rate of our MSR close to 400 basis points lower than today’s rates, prepayment speed should remain historically slow. Finally, please turn to Slide 14, our return potential outlook slide. The top half of this table is meant to show what returns we believe are available in the market. We estimate that about 62% of our capital is allocated to hedged MSR with a market static return projection of 12% to 14%.

The remaining capital is allocated to hedged RMBS with a static return wstimate of 15% to 16%. The lower section of this slide is specific to our portfolio with a focus on common equity and estimated returns per common share. Note, that with the closing of the Roundpoint acquisition, we have added an aftertax benefit of 80 to 100 basis points of return to this section of the outlook. With our portfolio allocation shown in the top half of the table and after expenses, the static return estimate for our portfolio is between 10.4% to 12.9% before applying any capital structure leverage to the portfolio. After giving effect to our outstanding convertible notes and preferred stock, we believe that the potential static return on common equity falls in the range of 12.3% to 16.3% or a prospective quarterly static return per share of $0.47 to $0.62.

Circling back to my earlier comments, there is no need to employ more leverage without return potential in this range. Our active management of our agency coupon positioning, our exposure to MSR and our disciplined risk management benefited returns to this quarter and protected the portfolio of additional downside. While rate and spread volatility can pose near-term challenges to the RMBS sector, with our capital, allocation and current spreads for MBS and MSR, we believe this is a very attractive time to invest in our assets. Thank you very much for joining us today. And now, we will be happy to take any questions you may have.

Operator: [Operator Instructions] Thank you. Our first question is from Bose George with KBW. Please proceed with your question.

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Q&A Session

Bose George: Hey, everyone. Good morning. Can I get an update on your book value quarter-to-date?

William Greenberg : You bet, Bose. Good morning. It’s been pretty volatile in the markets with in terms of both rates and spreads. But given all that, we estimate that as of last Friday’s close, that our book value or that our TR was down around 6%.

Bose George: Okay. Great, Thanks. And then, with the acquisition of Roundpoint, do you have thoughts about how much capital invested in the MSR change, as you can benefit from synergies of being a larger servicer or just how does that kind of play into your capital allocation?

William Greenberg : Sure. Well, one thing I want to clarify is, of course is that the acquisition of Roundpoint in itself doesn’t really attract more capital to the business, right? It’s a servicing operational entity. The amount of servicing that we own as owners is, we’re pretty close to the ideal amount of what we want to own here. Yes, we can add a little bit if there’s good opportunities in that space. But we’re pretty close to the capital allocation that we prefer. We do intend to grow the amount of loans on the Roundpoint platform through sub-servicing relationships as we said, but that won’t change the capital allocation mix per se. You will look at Slide 14 that will just change the returns in that Roundpoint line in the bottom half of the chart.

Bose George: Okay. Great. And then, just one more on the sub-servicing. How meaningful do you think that opportunity could be?

William Greenberg : Well, I think there’s a lot of opportunity there. There’s lots of servicing that is for sale. There’s lots of services that is moving around from sub-servicers from one to another. And I think that that, our positioning in the market and what we are, which is a large owner of servicing and a sub-servicer is not that many of those guys in the market where people can put their loans next to someone who is – as I wrote, as I said in my prepared remarks is eating their own cooking, right? And I think we’re able to provide sub-servicing clients a lot of what they’re looking for that is underserved in the marketplace. So I think we’re really excited about that.

Bose George: Great. Thanks. And then good job protecting your book value with all this volatility.

William Greenberg : Thanks, Bose.

Operator: Thank you. Our next question is from Trevor Cranston from JMP Securities. Please proceed with your question.

Trevor Cranston: Hey, thanks. Another question on the Roundpoint acquisition. You made the points about potentially having the ability to explore participating in other segments of the structured finance market. I was curious if you could elaborate on a little – add a little bit and sort of what you would envision that to be in terms of investments for Two Harbors of that can include things like, taking credit risk on these types of loans or exactly how you see that evolving?

William Greenberg : Sure. Well, with a large servicing portfolio, and with a large operating platform, some amounts of portfolio defense and recapture is certainly going to be an important part of what we do. But the main point is that, once we have such an entity and we’re involved in those activities, it opens up the opportunities to be able to do other things as I said, in my prepared remarks, whether it’s offering HELOCs or second liens or other products. That’s something that we can certainly do with an operating platform rather than just being exposed to MBS spreads and MSR spreads. In terms of taking credit risk that’s not something that we are particularly looking at, we like where we are in the conventional MSR and MBS space.

And if we do participate in some of those other products, we would figure out ways to provide an outlook for those sort of things and so forth. It’s unclear what form that will take yet, because we haven’t done it yet. These are still in the in the former stages. But I think the number of different things and opportunities that we have is certainly plentiful.

Trevor Cranston: Okay. Got it. And this is a question that I think has come up on a number of calls before, but given how much mortgage rates have increased over the last couple of months. Can you talk about how much rate sensitivities these – the MSR asset having at this point?

William Greenberg : Yeah, so, it’s one of those things that I think is tempting sometimes and sometimes as a short hand we’ll even say, oh! with the mortgage rates 400, or 450 basis points out of the money that the MSR has no duration or it’s a very low duration, low conventional asset. And that’s true, but it doesn’t have no duration, right? It has low duration. And so, what I always like to think is that, is that an at the money pool servicing will have a duration of say, minus 30. That means, that for not the money pool of mortgages, if interest rates rise by a 100 basis points, servicing asset will change by 30% in value. Right? Our servicing 450 basis points out of the money probably has a duration of, I don’t know, minus three, right?

Minus three, minus four, somewhere in that zone. But we have a lot of servicing, right? And so all that adds up to a non-negligible amount of duration, right? And you might ask, why does a servicing portfolio that’s 450 basis points out of the money even have any duration? Why isn’t it zero, right? And this is something that we tried to talk about, I think in the first quarter, when we talked about what the duration, sensitivity of the float components of MSR is relative to the whole thing. Remember, as the owner of service, we not only receive the, the service fee, cash flows, but we also enjoy the benefit of the float earnings on the principal and interest and on the taxes of it and insurance. And I always like to call that the float components of servicing acts like what in the in the CMO market days of all, we used to call a superfloater IO, which means that it’s an interest-only cash flow, right?

There’s no principal attached to it, but when interest rates rise, especially the front end part of the curve, the coupon, the earnings that you get also rises. So the cash in it’s typical servicing portfolio, the cash flows will extend because prepayments slow. And the rate that you earn on those cash flows for longer also increases. Now, it’s true that with the pool that’s 450 basis points out of the money, the cash flows aren’t really extending anymore. Prepayments fees have bottomed out. But the other effect is still present, right? That the earnings rate that you earn on the cash flows is going up as rates rise. And in fact, while it might be true that the interest rate duration of the pure service fee strip of the servicing asset has switched from having negative duration to positive duration, right, meaning that part will go down as rates rise.

The floating rate components are still negative duration and in fact are larger in magnitude than the positive duration of the strips so that the overall duration is still slightly negative, which gives you the overall minus three duration rather than the minus three. That explains the question?

Trevor Cranston: Okay. Yeah, it’s a very good answer. Thank you.

William Greenberg : Thank you.

Operator: Thank you. Our final question will be from Arren Cyganovich with Citi. Please proceed with your question.

Arren Cyganovich: Thanks. I was wondering if you could talk a little bit about the outlook for rate volatility and maybe spread volatility. I know it’s kind of crystal ball kind of question, but in this kind of higher for longer and the Fed, getting hopefully close to this tightening cycle. With the natural expectation be for that volatility to subside a bit?

Nicholas Letica : Hey, Arren. This is Nick. Thank you for the question. It’s really the question – I’d say of the day and it’s really been a question frankly for the last year. I think we’ve talked about this almost every call that we’ve been on, and, the, the markets are giving us signals that things are – that we’re close to an end of this hiking cycle. And that, that maybe the Fed really is going to hold now. And we see that if you look at the shape of the yield curve, for example, we’ve seen the two tens curve for example, go from something like wider than minus 100 basis points. Not long ago to only minus 20 now, it’s that curve has become less inverted or has become steeper by about 80 basis points. That’s a signal the market is giving you that we are getting closer to the end of this cycle.

But the reality is, these things are, famously difficult to predict and to tell. And, that’s the reason why in our comments as we’ve said, we are being very respectful of the risk in the market. And we are – we believe that our position is balanced and is as we described our leverage position is being neutral. It gives us enough return potential, enough upside to as to a spread tightening event that we feel, that we will capture that. But yet at the same time, don’t have an excessive amount of downside exposure should things continue to happen as with spreads widening. We have talked about spreads being wide historically, which they are. The problem is they keep getting a little bit wider every quarter. And we are we are respectful. And so, we’ve kind of built into the portfolio, the level of leverage and risk and composition between our MSR and our securities holdings that we know – that generates we think a very, very attractive return potential, and should spreads tighten and we get a cycle change.

We will definitely participate in that upside, as well.

Arren Cyganovich: Thanks. And then, second question I had was, you had mentioned, shifting a little bit higher in coupon, I guess, I think you said in the TBA side. How do you – or how are you hedging that? And what’s the risk to the extent that, I don’t know the economy falters and there’s a flight to quality and you start to see the 10-year fall again?

Nicholas Letica : Oh! there has been, I mean, good question. And there certainly has been a correlation between the performance of lower and higher coupons with the rate directionality. Now we hedge it the same way we hedge everything else. We use our models and we have – we think as accurate representations of the risk of those securities versus the lower coupons. And we hedge it with a combination of futures and swaps. And of course, with our again, with our MSR, we have as Bose talked about it in the prior question about the sensitivity of our MSR to mortgage rates. There is still some sensitivity that impacts where – how our hedging ultimately resides where exposure is ultimately reside on the coupon stack. And one of the reasons that we did go up in coupon was the fact that the current coupon went higher.

I mean, that was part of it. And part of it was also, as I said, the rotation out of – as coupons we thought did really well. And also just the fact that if you aren’t a higher for longer environment, the higher the current coupon should provide a lot of good return.

Arren Cyganovich: Got it. All right. Thank you.

William Greenberg : Yeah, I might just add that that, we do actively manage the portfolio not just in the interest rate rebalancing and so forth, above but also in coupon selection and where we are on the coupon stack. And some of that relates also to how we think that does relate also into how we hedge the portfolio and what risk we want to take in different environments. And so, as rates move sometimes in addition to, to hedging, block the theoretical interest rate exposures, we will often sometimes modify our coupon positioning which has an impact as well. And so, as we see the lower coupons underperforming, we may choose to increase exposure there from time to time or as rates fall, we might be moving that down a coupon or up a coupon, as well. And so it’s a dynamic portfolio. But the hedging strategy is the same in any environment.

Arren Cyganovich: Got it. Thank you.

Operator: Thank you. Our next question is from Eric Hagen with BTIG. Please proceed with your question.

Eric Hagen: Hey, thanks. Good morning, guys. Hope all are well. How do you see the bulk market for MSR developing its interest rates maybe even higher from here? Like, how much overall capital do you feel like you can maybe devote to the MSR in that scenario where there’s bulk MSRs to buy and rates are higher at the same time?

William Greenberg : Sure, thanks for the question, Eric. Look, there’s ample supply of MSR in the bulk markets, right? And as we’ve said in the quarters passing and it continues to be true that the market is trading rationally, and professionally and orderly. And the sellers, especially of large portfolios seem to be, strong hands that understand how the market works and isn’t going to flood the market. Then in no way shape or form, is the MSR market trading as a distressed market. It’s happening in a very, very orderly way. As I said a little bit earlier, we like our capital allocation right here. We’re trying to balance the relative attractiveness of MSR with the relative attractiveness of MBS, along with making sure that we have ample liquidity in the portfolio and so forth of which the MBS portfolio provides more so than the MSR.

So, if there’s our average – if there are opportunities to acquire more MSR, we can certainly participate in that to some degree. We obviously can’t double the amount of MSR portfolio that we have currently. But we can grow it a little bit, but we’re happy with our capital allocation and the relative mix, given the opportunities in the market right now.

Eric Hagen: Okay. A follow-up on the hedging, I mean, is there a way to hedge the float income component of the MSR? Is that not really a cash flow that’s really worth hedging with repo also being present in the portfolio? Just how to think about that? Thank you guys.

William Greenberg : Yeah, thanks for the question. Not only is there a way to hedge the float components, but we do hedge the float components, right? That is to say that that when rates rose, we did not achieve a windfall from rates rising, and the increased earnings benefit that we have, because we hedged it. And should rates fall from here, we will not realize a degradation in our book value due to that because we will be hedging that, as well. So, when we talk about hedging our portfolio as we’ve discussed many times and actually I think one of our conversations series that we just posted is about partial durations and hedging along the yield curve, right? And so the floating rate components have their own exposure along the yield curve that’s different than the pure interesting rate strip, but we put it all together when we manage the portfolio and we hedge the individual interest rate buckets, interest rate maturity buckets separately, so that we’re able to hedge the floating components, as well.

Eric Hagen: Okay. Thanks for the information. Appreciate you guys. Thanks.

Operator: Thank you. There are no further questions at this time. I would like to hand the floor back over to Bill Greenberg for any closing comments.

William Greenberg : Well, I just want to thank everyone again for joining us today. And thanks as always for your interest in Two Harbors.

Operator: This concludes today’s conference. You may disconnect your lines at this time. Thank you for your participation.