Snap Inc. (NYSE:SNAP) Q1 2024 Earnings Call Transcript

Snap Inc. (NYSE:SNAP) Q1 2024 Earnings Call Transcript April 25, 2024

Snap Inc. beats earnings expectations. Reported EPS is $0.03, expectations were $-0.05. Snap Inc. isn’t one of the 30 most popular stocks among hedge funds at the end of the third quarter (see the details here).

Operator: Good afternoon, everyone, and welcome to Snap Incorporated’s First Quarter 2024 Earnings Conference Call. At this time, participants are in a listen-only mode. I would now like to turn the call over to David Ometer, Head of Investor Relations.

David Ometer: Thank you and good afternoon, everyone. Welcome to Snap’s first quarter 2024 earnings conference call. With us today are Evan Spiegel, Chief Executive Officer and Co-Founder; and Derek Andersen, Chief Financial Officer. Please refer to our Investor Relations’ website at investor.snap.com to find today’s press release, slides, Investor Letter, and investor presentation. This conference call includes forward-looking statements which are based on our assumptions as of today. Actual results may differ materially from those expressed in these forward-looking statements, and we make no obligation to update our disclosures. For more information about factors that may cause actual results to differ materially from these forward-looking statements, please refer to the press release we issued today, as well as risks described in our most recent Form 10-Q, particularly in the section titled Risk Factors.

Today’s call will include both GAAP and non-GAAP measures. Reconciliations between the two can be found in today’s press release. Please note that when we discuss all of our expense figures, they will exclude stock-based compensation and related payroll taxes, as well as depreciation and amortization, and certain other items. Please refer to our filings with the SEC to understand how we calculate any of the metrics discussed on today’s call. With that, I’d like to turn the call over to Evan.

Evan Spiegel: Hi, everyone, and thank you all for joining us. I’m excited to share the progress we are making on our strategic priorities and the momentum we are building to capitalize on the long-term potential of our business. I’m deeply inspired by the dedication and efforts so many of our team members have put into serving our community and our partners, and it is gratifying to see our efforts beginning to bear fruit. On our call today, I’ll open with some observations about our strategic direction and key developments and then you’ll hear from Derek. The full financial detail is in our investor letter, but going forward, we’ll also be giving more context on the earnings call. We remain committed to executing against our three strategic priorities; accelerating and diversifying our revenue growth, growing our community and deepening their engagement, and leading in augmented reality.

The most important strategic priority we set out for 2024 is accelerating and diversifying revenue growth. We have made significant progress to start the year with revenue growing 21% year-over-year, an acceleration of 16 percentage points over the prior quarter growth rate, which was driven by improvements we have made to our advertising platform and an increase in demand for our advertising solutions, while also benefiting from the impact of an improved operating environment. Our large hard-to-reach audience, brand-safe environment, and continued innovation and progress on our advertising platform have made us a valuable partner for businesses that want to reach the next generation. Our second strategic priority, designing innovative products and services that enhance people’s relationships with their friends, family, and the world continues to drive the growth of our global community.

In Q1, we reached 422 million daily active users, an increase of 39 million or 10% year-over-year. We continue to broaden and deepen engagement with our content platform with the number of viewers and total time spent watching content growing globally year-over-year. Our focus on visual communication between friends and family is a strategic advantage that has enabled us to reach more than 75% of 13-year to 34-year old’s in over 25 countries with these countries representing more than 50% of the global advertising market. Relationships are what drive the depth of engagement on our platform. Our goal is to ensure that Snapchat helps enhance relationships with the people who matter most. These relationships lead to increased daily active usage of our platform and happier members of our community.

Four out of five Snapchatters believe that connecting with friends is the simplest way to feel better. This year, we are particularly focused on helping lightly engaged new and resurrected Snapchatters build relationships on our platform. Building just one or two close relationships on Snapchat can dramatically increase the number of active days for these cohorts, while simultaneously leading to a happier and healthier community. Over 90% of Snapchatters say they feel comfortable, happy and connected when they use Snapchat. And Snapchat is ranked as the number one happiest platform when compared to other apps. We’ve been working hard to improve our advertising platform by helping our partners transition to new ways of measuring and optimizing their advertising spend in order to provide improved ROAS.

In Q1, ongoing momentum with our 7-0 Pixel Purchase optimization model led to a more than 75% increase in purchase-related conversions year-over-year. In addition, we are excited by the progress we’re seeing with our small and medium-sized advertising partners. Today, small and medium-sized businesses and creators can promote their services, content or products and reach new audiences, all with just a few taps within the Snapchat application. This has been instrumental in significantly accelerating the number of SMB advertisers on Snapchat, which increased 85% year-over-year. As we look forward, the deliberate actions we’ve taken with our cost structure have cleared a path to meaningful adjusted EBITDA profitability and positive free cash flow.

We have invested heavily in cloud infrastructure over the past year in order to improve the performance of our advertising products and deepen engagement on our platform. We will continue to calibrate our investments carefully moving forward to ensure we build on this momentum while also realizing the operating leverage necessary to drive improved financial performance. We believe that a strong financial foundation and track record of innovation are critical inputs in fulfilling our vision of computing overlaid on the world. This is our third strategic priority. We have never worked on anything as profound and meaningful as augmented reality. AR enables us to service digital experiences seamlessly in the world around us, transforming the way we use computing in our daily lives.

Our AR products and services are driving major impact at scale today. On average, over 300 million people engage with augmented reality every single day on Snapchat. Our community plays with AR lenses billions of times per day on average, and our AR creator community has built millions of lenses using our Lens Studio software. Having a large engaged AR audience and creator community enables us to innovate rapidly. This unique position has allowed us to develop a lead and augmented reality over the last decade by leveraging one of the world’s most used cameras, developing highly advanced technology and tools, and growing a vibrant AR creator ecosystem. We believe that our large and growing community, an innovative and engaging service that continues to evolve, and a strong balance sheet with positive free cash flow positions us well to achieve our long-term vision for augmented reality, which we believe will be one of the most meaningful advancements in computing that the world has ever seen.

With that, I’d like to turn the call over to Derek to speak about our financials.

Derek Andersen: Thanks Evan and good afternoon everyone. For the first quarter, revenue and adjusted EBITDA exceeded our expectations as a result of increased demand for our advertising solutions and an improved cost structure that enabled us to generate greater operating leverage. Q1 revenue grew 21% year-over-year to $1.195 billion, driven by the 14 percentage point acceleration in advertising revenue, which grew 16% year-over-year in Q1. The Direct Response, or DR portion of advertising revenue increased 17% year-over-year up from 3% growth in the prior quarter as we began to see improved ROAS for our advertising partners, translate into accelerating demand on our ad platform. Small and medium-sized advertisers, in particular, grew quickly in Q1, with active advertisers in this segment, up 85% year-over-year.

Brand-oriented advertising revenue increased 12% year-over-year, driven by strong demand for our takeover products in Q1 and an improved operating environment. We also continue to make progress towards diversifying our revenue sources with other revenue up 194% year-over-year to reach $87 million. Other revenue includes all non-advertising revenue and consists almost entirely of Snapchat+ subscription revenue. Snapchat+ subscribers topped $9 million in Q1, more than tripling year-over-year. From a regional perspective, we observed acceleration in both DR and brand-related advertising revenue growth across all regions in Q1. We were particularly pleased to see the improvements we have made to our ad platform translate to improved revenue growth in North America, where revenue grew 16% year-over-year in Q1, an acceleration of 14 percentage points over the prior quarter growth rate.

Brand-oriented demand in Rest of World and Europe accelerated at a relatively faster pace in Q1, as these regions were more significantly impacted by the war in the Middle East in the prior quarter. We observed the highest rate of acceleration in total advertising revenue growth in Rest of World in Q1, driven in part by strong seasonal demand during the Ramadan holiday, which was further amplified by the timing of the holiday season shifting into Q1 of the current year. Total adjusted cost of revenue was $570 million in Q1, up 31% year-over-year. Infrastructure costs were the largest driver of the year-over-year increase, driven in large part by the ramp in ML and AI investments to support our DR ad platform and content engagement that we implemented in Q2 and Q3 of the prior year.

The level of investment in ML and AI was relatively stable across Q4 of 2023 and Q1 of 2024, and we have continued to improve our cloud infrastructure unit costs through a combination of engineering efficiency and pricing improvements. In addition, we benefited from higher-than-average service provider credits in Q1 that helped to further reduce infrastructure costs in Q1. As a result, infrastructure cost per DAU declined from $0.84 in Q4 of 2023 to $0.80 in Q1 of 2024. The remaining components of adjusted cost of revenue, including content, developer, advertising and other partner costs were $232 million in Q1 or 19% of revenue, compared to 20% in the prior quarter and 21% in the prior year. Adjusted gross margin was 52% in Q1 compared to 55% in the prior quarter and 56% in the prior year.

The quarter-over-quarter decline in adjusted gross margin is driven entirely by seasonally lower revenue in Q1 compared to Q4, partially offset by the sequential decline in infrastructure costs per DAU. The year-over-year decline in adjusted gross margin reflects higher infrastructure investments that began to ramp-up in Q2 and Q3 of the prior year, which was partially offset by operating leverage from accelerating revenue growth in Q1. Adjusted operating expenses were $579 million in Q1, up 5% year-over-year. Personnel costs increased 4% year-over-year in Q1, driven primarily by the impact of higher personnel costs per regular full-time employee, which was partially offset by reductions in team size as a result of the restructuring initiatives.

We implemented the restructuring in phases throughout the quarter, resulting in a 3% decline in average head count year-over-year. We ended Q1 with 4,835 full-time head count, which was down 7% year-over-year and down 27% from our peak headcount in mid-Q3 of 2022. Adjusted EBITDA was $46 million in Q1, up from $1 million in Q1 of the prior year, reflecting both accelerating revenue growth and operating expense discipline. Net loss was $305 million in Q1 compared to $329 million in Q1 of the prior year. The improvement in net loss on a year-over-year basis reflects the flow-through of higher adjusted EBITDA and as well as a $60 million reduction in stock-based compensation and related expenses, or SBC, partially offset by transition costs of $70 million related to our restructuring initiatives.

The impact of past refresh grants on the GAAP accounting of SBC expense has now fully dissipated from the cost structure. This was the largest driver of the year-over-year decline in SBC in Q1 and followed by the impact of reduced headcount as a result of the recent restructuring. Dilution or growth in our share count was 3.8% in Q1, down from 5.7% in the prior quarter. As part of our efforts to responsibly manage the impact of SBC on our share count, we repurchased 21 million shares at a cost of $235 million in Q1 reflecting an average repurchase price of $11.19. Since we began opportunistically managing our share count through share repurchases in Q3 of 2022. We have repurchased 145 million shares, representing 8% of fully diluted shares outstanding at an average price of $9.86 per share a total cost of $1.4 billion.

Free cash flow was $38 million in Q1, as we continued to strategically prioritize our investments to drive sustained and meaningful positive free cash flow. We ended Q1 with $2.9 billion in cash and marketable securities on hand. In addition, in Q1, we repurchased $100 million of our outstanding 2025 convertible notes and $351 million of our outstanding 2026 convertible notes at prices below par value. Through these transactions, we have further reduced the level of debt maturing in the years ahead, while also eliminating the risk of future dilution from the repurchased convertible notes. Turning to our outlook. We anticipate continued growth of our global community and our Q2 guidance is built on the assumption that DAU will be approximately $431 million in Q2.

Our Q2 guidance range for revenue is $1.225 billion, to $1.255 billion, implying year-over-year revenue growth of 15% to 18%. This would represent a three to six percentage point deceleration in growth rate compared to Q1. And which we attribute to the three percentage point quarter-over-quarter acceleration in revenue growth experienced in the prior year and a further estimated three percentage point headwind due to changes in seasonality factors, including the timing of the Ramadan holiday season shifting toward Q1 in the current year and the impact of the leap day in Q1 of 2024. Our investment plans for Q2 include modest incremental investments in infrastructure, personnel and marketing to sustain the momentum we have established in our business as well as the impact of an increasing legal and regulatory burden on our cost structure.

Given the revenue range above and our investment plans for the quarter ahead, we estimate that adjusted EBITDA will be between $15 million and $45 million in Q2. We have made significant progress to optimize our cost structure and believe it will be productive to provide forward-looking insights into our estimated full year 2024 cost structure. We currently estimate that quarterly infrastructure cost per DAU will be in the $0.83 to $0.85 range for the remainder of 2024. We will continue to assess our infrastructure investment levels based on what is in the best long-term interest of our business. We expect the remaining components of cost of revenue, including content and developer partner costs, as well as advertising partner and other costs to remain relatively stable as a percentage of revenue at a combined 19% to 21% of revenue, which is within the range we have reported over the trailing four quarters.

We currently anticipate that the headcount and personnel costs will grow modestly as we move through 2024, resulting in full year adjusted operating expenses of approximately $2.425 billion to $2.55 billion. We see limited opportunity to productively reduce adjusted operating expenses below this range. And if we are able to sustain higher rates of revenue growth into the second half of 2024, we will invest prudently to support that growth. For SBC, we anticipate modest sequential growth as we move through 2024, resulting in an estimated full year SBC expense of $1.13 billion to $1.2 billion. With that, I’ll kick it back to Evan for closing remarks.

Evan Spiegel: Thanks, Derek. As we continue to execute in the quarters ahead, we remain focused on serving our community with innovative and responsible products, investing in our direct response business to deliver measurable ROAS for our advertising partners, cultivating new sources of revenue to diversify our top line growth and scaling our investment levels prudently to deliver meaningful and sustained profitability and positive free cash flow. The most critical input to delivering on these strategic initiatives we laid out is innovation. That includes innovating on our products, our advertising platform and the future of augmented reality. We believe that our demonstrated track record of innovation over the last 12 years positions us well to deliver on this for our community, our partners and our investors. While there is still a lot of work to be done, we are pleased that this focus has translated into improved results in Q1. We will now begin our Q&A session.

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Q&A Session

Operator: Thank you. We will now begin the Q&A session. [Operator Instructions] Our first question comes from Doug Anmuth with JPMorgan. Please proceed.

Doug Anmuth: Thanks so much for taking the question. Can you just help us understand the drivers and you listed a number of things, but just help us kind of frame and maybe prioritize the drivers of the DR acceleration in 1Q? And just kind of how you think about linearity and progression through 2024? And then if you could comment just on the slight detail that you’re guiding to in the second quarter as well? Thank you.

Derek Andersen: Hi, Doug, it’s Derek. Thanks for the question. I think, look, at the first outset, I would say that probably the most important takeaway or theme of the top line results is just how broad-based the acceleration was on the top line. You mentioned DR specifically, but we did see each of brand NDR and those two pillars across all three of our regions accelerate in the quarter. We also saw that the SMB customer base grew quite quickly, active advertisers, they are up 85%. And also then looking over at the Snapchat+ business also subs tripling or more year-over-year to $9 million. So we did see a really broad-based improvement in the top line. On the DR side, specifically, I think you’ve probably seen that we’ve been making really significant investments in that line of business over the last year, and we made a lot of investments in infrastructure to help improve their number one, leveraging more of our privacy say, signals for ranking and optimization and then continuing to evolve our models to incorporate more of those signals, making larger models and refreshing them more frequently.

And we’ve seen really good momentum, in particular on the 70 pixel purchase optimization that led to more than 75% increase in purchase-related conversions in Q1. And we’re making progress on some of the nuts and bolts there around, for example, CAPY adoption. We saw a more than 300% increase year-over-year on that. And we now have coverage there of approximately half of the DR revenue. And you made some improvements just in expanding the addressable market there with the rollout of 70 optimization to app install and app purchase with additional app goals coming in Q2 on the road map there. So there’s a lot of progress on that front. We’re seeing that show up in improved rollouts. And I think many of you saw in your channel checks even in Q4 that you were starting to hear about the return on rollouts in the advertising community.

And I think you can see that now showing up in the demand in this quarter. So if you taken together, I think that each of those are proof points that the DR business is performing much, much better now. And that each of those things are rollout-based, return-based, customer success base and that speaks to sort of the durability of that basis. So you asked a little bit about the transition of the growth rate into Q2, and we do expect the progress that we’ve made with the DR business to continue but we do have some unique items just on seasonality. I pointed to a couple in the letter. One in particular, we did have an improvement in the growth rate in the prior year of about 3 percentage points quarter-over-quarter, so that contributes to comps a little.

And then there’s some unique seasonality factors as we transition from Q1 to Q2 this year, notably, the leap day in Q1 of this year that contributed to the higher growth in as well as the timing of the Ramadan holiday season, moving more so into Q1 this year relative to Q2 last year and that further contributes to some of the – the transitions there, but none of those factors really speaking to the fundamentals of the improvement in the business that we’re seeing. So hopefully, that gives you a little bit of a sense of what we’re seeing and the momentum that we’ve established on that line of the business. Thank you.

Operator: Our next question comes from Ken Gawrelski with Wells Fargo. Please proceed.

Ken Gawrelski: Hi, Evan and Derek, you discussed on the fourth quarter earnings call, a shift in the company resources to grow engagement in North America and EMEA. Can you talk about any early progress I know North America DAUs were flat quarter-over-quarter in 1Q, but maybe any early thoughts on future North America growth for 2Q and beyond and maybe what’s incorporated in that and the early look at 2Q DAUs, please? Thank you.

Evan Spiegel: Thanks, Ken. Yes, we certainly have been shifting more of our resourcing and focus to growth in North America and Europe. It’s a different opportunity set. Historically, we were more focused on new users and developing markets who are typically on Android devices. This is really about focusing more on reengagement with users who have downloaded Snapchat before and who may not be using it as often as some of their friends and those users are typically on iOS. So I’d say the opportunity set overall is different. And in our early explorations, we’re finding a lot of opportunity to improve that product experience. So the near-term month-over-month trends have been pretty constructive growth from February to March and March to April month-to-date in North America. It has been positive. So we’re making progress here. It is early, but we are seeing a lot of opportunity and eager to improve the product for our community in North America and Europe.

Operator: Our next question comes from Rich Greenfield with LightShed Partners. Please proceed.

Rich Greenfield: Hi. Thanks for taking the question. Look, I think the — Evan, when I look at the time spent watching content globally, it was up, but North America was relatively — you sort of signaled the last couple of quarters, it’s flattish. But you keep calling out Spotlight momentum. And it feels like if I think about how you shift time spent on the platform or grow time spent on the platform? It seems like Spotlight’s, the key to unlocking meaningful growth. Yes, creator stores are growing, but especially as you unify the feed, it feels like Spotlight’s so important. And I guess could you just — as you look across the landscape, real short TikTok versus Spotlight. How do you evaluate where Spotlight is today on a relative basis versus the choices consumers have are similar? I realize it’s not exact, but a similar experience. And how aggressively are you investing to take share with Spotlight? Thanks.

Evan Spiegel: Thanks, Rich. Yes, as we look at Spotlight and creator stories, they’ve definitely been bright spots in terms of time spent. As you mentioned, we are really working to simplify and unify the experience, both in terms of the user perspective. So one unified feed of content, but also the ranking stack, which is going to enable us to really share signal, engagement signals between stories and Spotlight, which we just haven’t done historically. So we think that will really help personalize the experience overall. I’d say looking at the feedback from our community, one area where we can really improve is in making the content feel more timely and topical. We have a lot of great signals from our community about things that are trending, things that they’re interested in, in a given moment.

But we haven’t done a very good job surfacing the corresponding content that we also have as well because people are making billions of snaps every day on Snapchat. So I think there’s work to be done to make our content experience feel more timely and topical, and then we’re spending a lot of focus on the creator journey overall. That journey from using Snapchat to communicate with 100 friends to growing a following of millions. And really making sure that people are creating great stories or great Spotlight content can be discovered and then grow that following and ultimately build a business over time. So that’s been a big focus as well. Certainly, a big opportunity for us, and we’re working away at it.

Operator: Our next question comes from Ross Sandler with Barclays. Please proceed.

Ross Sandler: Yeah. Hi, guys. So it sounds like you’re upgrading, revamping the app install or app kind of transaction category within the DR business. Can you just remind us like back in the day, how big that category…

Operator: And it appears we’ve lost connection with Ross. Our next question today comes from James Heaney with Jefferies. Please proceed.

James Heaney: Great. Thanks for the question. Over the last few quarters, you’ve continued to grow your advertiser count at a pretty healthy clip. Can you guys just talk about this newer cohort of advertisers and what their propensity to spend looks like relative to older advertiser cohorts? And at what point do you feel like your SMB revenue starts to become more material? Thanks.

Derek Andersen: Hey, there. Thanks. I think to start, we’re growing a newer segment of customers here, and I think that’s really exciting to broadening out the overall base of advertisers. So I shared earlier in response to another question that we’ve seen the active advertiser count on the small and medium-sized customer base up to 85% year-over-year and it being the fastest-growing customer segment. So that is very exciting. And I think overall, you’re seeing a broadening of the base of advertisers. There’s a journey. I think that you’re going to see advertisers go through in terms of one coming on to the platform, initial testing seeing performance with some of these scaled self-serve products and then being able to grow and optimize.

And of course, as we continue to bring more privacy safe signals into our models and invest in bigger models and get better and better at optimization and ranking, those products become more performant. They deliver better roots to those customers and then give them the ability to bid and expand their budget. So I do think there’s a journey here. I think what’s really exciting is to see the ad platform delivering the kind of results that can help us grow that customer base, because over the long-term, the small and medium-sized customer base is going to be an absolutely critical ingredient to reaching the full monetization potential of the business. So, off to a good start and a lot of work to do to continue helping more of these advertisers through that journey.

Hopefully, that context helps.

Operator: Our next question comes from Michael Morris with Guggenheim. Please proceed.

Michael Morris: Thank you. Good afternoon. Wanted to ask you about spending and investment. Large companies in the technology sector are certainly increasing their investment in artificial intelligence infrastructure. Can you talk about your level of investment currently, whether you think that’s sufficient? And how you think about your size and scale relative to larger players and what it takes for you to continue to be competitive in connecting with your audience? And if I could just ask one follow-up on those statistics, Derek, that you reported and just shared about the CAP integrations and the purchase conversions, the numbers are very large, far ahead of where your revenue growth is. Can you just talk about what it takes to get more of your customer base engaged with those? And can that drive acceleration in that revenue in the coming quarters and years? Thanks.

Derek Andersen: Yes, I can start around the scale and scope of the infrastructure investments, and you’re going to see those show up in really a couple of places. Number one, we shared last year that we scaled up our ML and AI infrastructure spending into the range of about $100 million a quarter starting in Q2 and Q3 of last year. And then we shared that, that investment — larger investments were relatively stable over the last two quarters. Obviously, with the full-year range on infrastructure for Dow, stepping up from $0.80 in Q1 to 83% to 85% in the remaining quarters of the year. We’ve given ourselves room to invest more there. I think the important — there’s a couple of important things I would say, just to put our investment in perspective.

One is that we’re investing on a different model rather than CapEx, it’s showing up as a cloud infrastructure cost that’s running through cost of revenue, but two, there’s a multiplier on that spend as an ongoing operating expense relative to the underlying CapEx it represents. So, while we might be spending hundreds of millions a year currently on this type of infrastructure, the underlying capital is multiples of that. So, the scale of the infrastructure that we have access to, to run our models is obviously much, much larger. And so that’s giving the business access to a lot of capacity. And I think second and perhaps really over the long-term, the most important thing is whether or not we’re seeing the returns on that investment that are going to allow us to continue to scale that investment profitably for the business.

And I think what you’re seeing in the results in Q1 here are proof points that those investments that we’ve made in that infrastructure are paying off in significant and accelerating revenue growth and in particular, on the DR ad platform in addition to how it’s contributing on the engagement side, and that’s going to position the business to be able to continue to scale those investments ideally continue to see positive ROI on that like we have seen and grow our business over time. So, hopefully, that gives you a little bit of perspective of how we’re thinking of we’re going to continue to reassess that. We’ve been really pleased with the ROI on those investments to-date, and we’ve made room to scale them, and we’ll continue to do that based on the data that we’re getting back.

On your second question related to CAPI integrations, we’re really pleased with the momentum on the coverage that we’ve seen there. I’d mentioned that we’re looking at about 50% demand-weighted coverage of our DR ad revenue and those integrations are up about 3x, 300% year-over-year. So, obviously, good momentum in getting that adopted across our DR advertising customer base. And — so really important, I think, to insulating the business going forward and helping our customers to have measurable results. And as I said in the answer to the prior question, the recipe here is getting people on board, getting them to adopt the right advertising solution for the objectives they’re trying to achieve. And a good proof point on that is, we are providing targeted offers to small and medium-sized customers.

based on what we know about their business to recommend the right advertising product for them and advertisers that adopt those recommendations are seeing much improved results, and that’s contributing in a scaled, self-served way, to people being able to meet their ROAS objectives, grow their business, which puts them in a position to invest more on our platform. So, I think that’s the recipe there in terms of us seeing that advertiser base scale — and we shared that 85% growth in the active advertisers in the segment to let you know that in addition to people making progress on these integrations, it’s turning into a flywheel on the actual customer base. So, hopefully, that gives you a little bit more context of what we see as the path there and how that’s going.

Operator: Our next question comes from Benjamin Black of Deutsche Bank. Please proceed.

Benjamin Black: Great. Thanks for taking my question. Can you talk a little bit more about your build-out of the app value optimization? How meaningful could that be — is there any risk of disruption to the app install business in that progress there? And perhaps more broadly, what are some of the other initiatives you have on the product road map over the next 12 months to 18 months that you’re excited about?

Evan Spiegel: Yeah. Thanks so much for the question. On the app side, the biggest thing we’ve been working on lately is just landing these model updates. We, I guess, in the last week or so, have updated our app install models, both for scan and non-scan. So, that’s been great. And we now have our app install 7-0 and app purchase 7-0 products in testing. It’s very early, but the results have been promising so far. We also have a new scan offering that we’re just introducing to our customers. So, we’ll be excited to get their feedback and see how that can improve their performance, and we have a number of customers testing that already. I think value optimization will follow. We’ve really just been focused on driving more click-through installs at much lower CPIs for our advertising partners.

And then we’ll be working more on the value optimization piece. I think just broadly looking at the advertising platform, we have made a lot of progress, as Derek mentioned, on signals and running much larger unified models, of course, the ad interactions as well in the ad formats. I think sort of looking ahead, we’ve been working on things like product selection for our dynamic product ads product. We’ve been making progress with things like cold start, which is especially relevant for SMB advertisers at lower levels of spend to help them find success. So, I think there’s a lot more work to do, but we’re building on a solid foundation now, and we’ve been able to make some very rapid progress.