Linde plc (NASDAQ:LIN) Q1 2024 Earnings Call Transcript

Linde plc (NASDAQ:LIN) Q1 2024 Earnings Call Transcript May 2, 2024

Linde plc misses on earnings expectations. Reported EPS is $3.35 EPS, expectations were $3.68. Linde plc isn’t one of the 30 most popular stocks among hedge funds at the end of the third quarter (see the details here).

Operator: Ladies and gentlemen, good day, and thank you for standing by. Welcome to the Linde’s First Quarter 2024 Earnings Call and Webcast. [Operator Instructions] And please be advised that today’s conference is being recorded. [Operator Instructions] And I would now like to hand the conference over to Mr. Juan Pelaez, Head of Investor Relations. Please go ahead, sir.

Juan Pelaez: Abby, thank you and good morning, everyone. Thanks for attending our 2024 first quarter earnings call and webcast. I am Juan Pelaez, Head of Investor Relations. And I’m joined this morning by Sanjiv Lamba, Chief Executive Officer; and Matt White, Chief Financial Officer. Today’s presentation materials are available on our website at linde.com in the Investors section. Please read the forward-looking statement disclosure on Page 2 of the slides and note that it applies to all statements made during this teleconference. The reconciliations of the adjusted numbers are in the appendix of the presentation. Sanjiv will provide some opening remarks, and then Matt will give an update on Linde’s first quarter financial performance and outlook, after which, we will wrap up the Q&A. Let me now turn the call over to Sanjiv.

Sanjiv Lamba: Thanks, Juan, and a very good morning, everyone. The Linde team delivered another solid quarter despite stagnant economic conditions across most regions. EPS of $3.75 grew 10%. ROC increased to 25.6% and operating margins reached 28.9%. These all represent record levels even though volumes declined 1%. Over the last few quarters, we have seen a row of negative base volumes, which are tracking the stagnant to declining manufacturing environment, especially in EMEA. While volumes continue to track local industrial production, we know there is more we must do to grow. So while pricing remains an important lever for us, we’re also focused on other growth opportunities like small on-site, applications technology and investments, including acquisitions, to grow our network density, even as we trim certain areas of the portfolio, like equipment hard goods, which typically suffer in economic downturns.

Add to that, the contracted backlog, and we have a solid growth pipeline for the next few years ahead. Let me provide you with some additional color on the trends and opportunities by key end markets, which you can find on Slide 3. I’ll start with the consumer-related markets, which have proven their resiliency time after time. Healthcare has been quite stable year-on-year. While we continue to see sleep, respiratory and oxygen demand growing, sales have been partially offset by some rationalization of home care equipment offerings in the Americas and EMEA, which don’t meet the investment criteria. Food and beverage grew nicely at 6%. This is mostly driven by food freezing, beverage carbonation and aquaculture. We continue to see opportunities associated with the high quality and more sustainable foods.

Even though we don’t talk much about our food and beverage business, I’m excited to see good growth opportunities ahead. Electronics is up 1%, with two key trends, which mostly offset each other. On the one hand, we continue to see good growth from project startups, which have delivered fairly steady results mostly in APAC. On the other hand, this growth was offset in part by lower packaged and merchant volumes to fabs as production levels were softer. The current trend suggests that this has largely bottomed out with expectations of recovery growing. From where I stand, I have some optimism that we’ll see volumes pick up again in the second half of the year. Some of this will be driven by the growing demand for AI chips and new data centers.

This is not baked into our guidance at this time. Turning to industrial end markets. Metals and Mining are flat as pricing increases are offset by volume declines. EMEA steel mills account for the majority of volume reduction due to weaker industrial activity but protected by strong contracts. At the same time, we are seeing project backlog opportunities pick up for new low-carbon electric arc furnaces or EAF as well as existing steel customers exploring ways to reduce their carbon footprint. Linde has recently signed a long-term agreement with H2 Green Steel to supply industrial gases for the world’s first large-scale green steel production plant in Northern Sweden. In addition, Tier 1 producers like Baowu in China have expanded their relationship with Linde, by decaptivating their ASUs into our existing supply network further increasing supply reliability and efficiency.

We continue to work closely with our CE customers on a range of projects from supporting expansions to decarbonization. Chemicals and Energy were up 4%, driven mostly by higher on-site volumes in the Americas and APAC. U.S. Gulf Coast refining and petrochemical customers ran better this quarter when compared to the planned outages last year, helped today by healthy spreads and access to low-cost natural gas. Furthermore, we continue to see growing interest around decarbonization projects. The manufacturing end market was up 1%. Most of that is pricing. Manufacturing volumes are down year-on-year. The volume decline is split between EMEA and the U.S. EMEA has experienced broad-based declines in industrial production due to geopolitical and energy challenges.

In the U.S., manufacturing sales are about flat when excluding the timing of gases supplied to the aerospace sector. Elsewhere, underlying manufacturing volumes have been stable to slightly up across a variety of key sectors, including battery manufacturing, pulp and paper, and merchant scale clean energy opportunities. A good example is our recent announcement to invest in an electrolyzer to grow our merchant hydrogen network density in Brazil and help customers decarbonize. Looking ahead, our base volumes are expected to track local industrial production, including in there are some encouraging secular growth trends such as batteries, aerospace and clean energy. Also, resilient end markets such as food and beverage and healthcare will continue to grow mid-single digit, driven by demographics and consumer demand.

Furthermore, we have a healthy backlog of approximately $5 billion which will continue contributing to earnings for the next couple of years. However, I’m not expecting near-term improvement in industrial production, especially in certain parts of EMEA. These flat economic conditions are embedded in the guidance assumptions at the midpoint, which Matt will discuss in more detail. Overall, I remain confident that we will continue to be nimble and actively manage the balance between volume, price and productivity to grow earnings even in the sluggish economic conditions. And when industrial production levels rebound, as they always do, Linde will be very well positioned to leverage this growth. I’ll now turn the call over to Matt to walk through the financial results.

Matt White: Thanks, Sanjiv. Slide 4 provides consolidated results for the first quarter. Sales of $8.1 billion declined 1% from prior year and 2% sequentially. When excluding the impact of cost pass-through and engineering project timing, underlying sales increased 1% over last year but remained flat sequentially. Price continues to drive underlying sales growth with a positive contribution of 2% year-over-year. As discussed in prior calls, pricing is localized for most products and thus is highly correlated to local inflation levels. And while we’ve seen some disinflation, including deflation in China, levels have stabilized as evidenced by the small sequential price increase. Volumes are down 1% versus prior year and the fourth quarter.

While we continue to see positive growth from the project backlog, base volumes are down primarily from negative industrial production, as mentioned by Sanjiv. In addition, we’ve pruned some noncore offerings in industrial and home care hard goods based on distribution economics, which is consistent with historical approach. Despite lower volumes, operating profit of $2.3 billion increased 6% from 2023, resulting in a margin of 28.9% or 200 basis points higher. You can see margins by segment when excluding the effects of cost pass-through with EMEA continuing to lead due to a combination of price and cost management. EPS of $3.75 increased 10% as a lower share count and favorable tax rate were partially offset by higher net interest. CapEx up 26% over prior year, driven by project backlog timing.

Despite this, we are taking actions to tighten overall CapEx levels and thus have lowered the 2024 full year estimate to $4 billion to $4.5 billion. Slide 5 includes more detail on capital management, including operating cash flow trends. OCF of $2 billion was slightly above last year, but 28% below the fourth quarter. There are two important points to highlight regarding this trend. First, Q1 is always our lowest seasonal quarter due to timing of working capital and incentive payments. Second, 2024 had Good Friday as the last weekday of March, resulting in unfavorable collection timing. This appears on the cash statement as more accounts receivable outflow. But we’ve seen a recovery in April, which should get us back on track by the end of Q2.

Despite this timing issue, free cash flow remains healthy as we continue to execute our proven capital allocation policy, including $1 billion of share repurchases in the quarter. We also issued €2.3 billion of long-term debt at attractive rates, enabling us to term out more expensive U.S. dollar commercial paper. These actions continue to reinforce that Linde’s strong balance sheet and steady free cash flow are invaluable, especially during times like today. I’ll wrap up with guidance on Slide 6. For the second quarter, we’re initiating an EPS guidance range of $3.70 to $3.80 or 5% to 7% growth when excluding a 1% assumed FX headwind. Consistent with last quarter, this assumes no economic improvement at the midpoint. For the full year, we’re updating our prior guidance to a range of $15.30 to $15.60 or 9% to 11% growth excluding a 1% FX headwind.

We slightly adjusted the prior range by narrowing both the top and bottom ends by $0.05. Thus maintaining the midpoint, which still assumes no economic improvement. When looking at the macroeconomic and geopolitical landscape, we have not seen any catalyst to warrant a meaningful change in the guidance range at this time. We believe it’s appropriate to remain cautious on the remainder of the year until we see tangible evidence of an industrial recovery. Until then, you can rest assured we’ll manage the things within our control to continue driving compound shareholder value. I’ll now turn the call over to Q&A.

Operator: [Operator Instructions] And your first question comes from Duffy Fischer with Goldman Sachs. Your line is open.

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Q&A Session

Duffy Fischer: Yes, good morning, guys. First question is just around electronics. A lot of incoming calls on electronics investors seem to be getting more and more bullish. How much leverage do you have to electronics in that we know what the revenue is, but I believe it carries a higher margin than average? So if electronics picks up, how much leverage could that give to the whole of Linde? And are you seeing signs that the electronics market is picking up for you guys going forward?

Sanjiv Lamba: Duffy, you’re right in suggesting that there is a general view on electronics that, we are seeing an improvement. As you know, it’s about 10%, just under 10% of our overall portfolio. About 30% of our backlog today, is investment in electronics. All of that is playing out. Our view is towards the back end of this year, we expect that recovery that everyone’s talking about led by AI chips, or data centers to actually gather momentum. We haven’t baked anything into our guidance, as you’re aware, but we do expect to see some momentum build up. We’ve seen a decent electronics performance in China, and we’re seeing equally in the rest of Asia, a reasonable level of bottoming out, which hopefully then points to a recovery in the second half.

Duffy Fischer: Great. Thank you. And then maybe just jump to low carbon hydrogen, blue hydrogen for you guys. You put out a couple of slides over the last year and a half or so, sizing that market over the last decade. Just kind of an update, how are those conversations going? What should investors expect as far as announcements? Again, primarily with sizable projects. And in the one you’ve announced with OCI, how is that progressing as far as finding partners, for the CO2 sequestration and just general progress on that?

Sanjiv Lamba: Sure. So let me start off by just giving you a broader picture of what I see around clean energy projects, and then I’ll talk specifically about projects we are developing, and then OCI. So overall, I say to you, I see momentum on clean energy projects moderating a little bit. We are seeing that there is a lot more effort now in upfront feasibility studies and feed studies, to ensure that there is greater diligence as projects are being taken to FID. In fact, McKinsey has done a study that shows that of the announcements that get made in this space, only 6.8%. So let’s say 7% of projects make it to FID, which I think is a reflection of the height dying down, and some high quality projects then surfacing and moving forward.

So the good news is, we are seeing exactly that. High quality projects that we are working with. And we have a very solid pipeline, continue to be developed and they’re moving forward, albeit that they are taking a little bit longer. And – we are working on those projects and that pipeline is what we have alluded to in the past, when we’ve said that in the next few years, we expect to see us continue to go and make investment decisions around $8 billion to $10 billion. The pipeline looks healthy enough at this point in time, and I’m not going to forecast the time with precision, but I’ll say to you that the next few years, we will still see that pipeline play out into investment decisions. As far as OCI and the CO2 sequestration partnership is concerned, we have already contracted with ExxonMobil, who are our partner for sequestration.

As we have some of the world’s best carbon capture technology, so we will deploy that. We will capture and condition the CO2 and hand it over at the OSBL or the outside battery limit to ExxonMobil, who will then take that CO2 molecule, sequester it.

Duffy Fischer: Terrific. Thank you, guys.

Operator: And we will take our next question from Mike Leithead with Barclays. Your line is open.

Mike Leithead: Great. Thank you. Good morning, guys. Just one question for me on the full year guide and outlook and sort of where Matt ended the prepared remarks. Obviously, a nice start to the year, but you decided to narrow the range a bit instead of I think historically you’ve raised by the better quarter. Can you just further frame out how you’re thinking about the outlook, and has anything softened from your original expectations?

Sanjiv Lamba: So I’m going to let Matt talk a little bit about the guidance itself. Mike, what I might do is just maybe walk you guys around the world, because really, I think it’s important to just share with you what we’re seeing around the world. And I think, it sets the tone for how we think about the guidance. So I’ll start just very quickly and give you a brief on America’s – let’s start with the U.S. market, obviously the most important one here. As you know, I’ve said in the past, it’s been remarkably resilient, and we’ve seen many of those end markets at pretty high levels. Now in Q1, we saw base volumes in the U.S. largely flat to slightly negative. Manufacturing declined about mid-single digit, I’d say, year-on-year.

Chemicals and energy, on the other hand, was up mid-single-digit year-on-year, largely because they had plant outages in the last year. So the comps were a little bit easier. U.S. packaged gases, we pay a lot of attention to this. As you know, you heard us talk about packaged and hard goods as leading indicators. U.S. packaged gas volumes were down year-on-year, largely due to softer demand from electronics, but also timing of supply to aerospace industry. Hard goods, on the other hand, were down mid-single-digit year-on-year, mainly on lower equipment sales. So important to note, however, that both gases and hard goods sequentially were flat. Latin America was slightly positive in Q1 as well. Looking ahead, Americas largely flat to slightly positive in the second quarter.

The good news is the hydrogen demand continues to be extremely strong in the U.S. Gulf Coast. We’re really happy to see that pickup in refiners and pet chemicals kind of customers are running largely at record levels, so feel good about where that stands. As far as the EMEA is concerned, the trend over the last few quarters, largely unchanged. I mean, Q1, we saw a little bit of a pickup in on-site and packaged volumes, but merchant continued to lag, and was negative year-on-year. We expect industrial customer volumes to flatten as we see developments there. So going forward, comps might look a little bit easier if they hold volumes to these levels. We’d actually see comps no longer being negative year-on-year for EMEA. However, no catalyst that would suggest a significant change in this trend just yet.

I know there’s a lot of interest in APAC, so let me just give you China first, and then we’ll talk about the rest of Asia. Well, as far as China is concerned, in Q1, we were watching very carefully. Chemicals output was up just under 10%, I’d say. But full year expectations moderated down to probably a range of 4% to 5%. Crude steel, negative. Not unexpected. We’ve been talking about this for a while. Well, exports for steel were up almost 30%, but obviously most of that, if not all of that, was offset by lower pricing. So really, the overall industry didn’t really get a major impact out of that. The good news, however, there is a shakeout in the industry and Tier 1 players who we tend to serve continue to benefit from that shakeout. Manufacturing largely flat.

Traditional manufacturing sectors were negative. There were some select sectors within manufacturing that were up. Automotive shipments were up 5%. EV output was up 30%. You’ve heard the story. You’ve read about it. Batteries still were up about 20%. So again, these sectors likely to sustain for the rest of the year. Traditional manufacturing sectors expected to remain soft. Electronics, I said earlier, saw some decent growth in Q1. IC outputs were up about 40%, which is pretty good. Semi sales were up about 28%. But we expect overall this market will be mid-single, well, let’s say mid to high single-digit growth. And our expectation is a push for self-sufficiency. And the third round of big fund, is probably going to support electronics in China for the moment.

As a reminder, China is about 7% of our sales. We’ve said before, about 75% of our business is what we call defensive, i.e. it’s locked in with Tier 1 onsite customer contracts with fixed fees, and of course, resilient end markets supporting that as well. So that’s the story of China. Rest of Asia, volumes are up slightly. Backlogs contributing to growth over there, particularly around chemicals. As expected, India saw a little bit of slowdown in the quarter, due to the ongoing elections, but I expect that we will see that get back in line with our expectations for the rest of the year. You want to talk a little bit about guidance and taking that, what we’re seeing in the marketplace into the guidance, Matt?

Matt White: Sure. So I think, Mike, I’ll start with how we approach the guide, is really no different than how we’ve been approaching it for the last four to five years. And to clarify, when we say no improvement in the economy, it really means from now, from what we’re seeing now. And so, when you go back in the last couple of months, I’d say, as we mentioned in the prepared remarks. It’s been stagnant to even declining in some regions. So, we’ve updated for that and held that for the remainder of the year. So even though, like Sanjiv just mentioned, the year-over-year comps in the second half get easier. So from the 2023 baseline. So even though that may demonstrate positive numbers, just given a softer baseline, that’s not how we’re thinking about it.

We’re thinking about it from the current status and how it moves forward more sequentially. So that’s how we applied it. And just based on what we were seeing now, we just embedded that in, ran it out. And then just saw no catalyst, as we mentioned, to change it at this time. Now, obviously, if things improve, then we’ll see that benefit. But since we were seeing some erosion from our prior view a couple months ago, we’ve taken actions to mitigate that. And that’s why we’ve been able to hold the midpoint. And that’s something we’ll continue to do, is take actions if things do deteriorate. So time will ultimately tell. Obviously, we will give another update in July when we see how things play out. But we feel in this environment, it’s better to be cautious right now than to be overly aggressive.

And we’ll just have to see. Time will tell. We’ve got a lot of elections going on. We’ve got a lot of geopolitical aspects happening. So time will tell.

Mike Leithead: Great. Thank you so much.

Operator: And we will take our next question from Peter Clark with Bernstein. Your line is open.

Peter Clark: Yes. Good morning, everyone. I don’t think you’ll be surprised to my question. The EMEA margin is comfortably ahead of the Americas now, actually. You did get it ahead in Q3 last year. But there were some funnies in the Americas, I think, then with the power surge, et cetera. So, just your view on it going forward, because I think structurally the EMEA could be the higher margin region anyway. And then following on that, on the pricing in the EMEA, sequentially it was up 2%. Here on Europe, it was up 3%, very strong performance. I’m not sure if you had much in terms of energy surcharges coming off in the bulk gases like some of your peers, but just your view on the pricing situation, particularly in Europe? Thank you.

Sanjiv Lamba: Peter, I know you’ve said in the past that the EMEA margin should be the highest. So, we’ve finally gotten there, as you can see. Now, as Matt stated in his prepared remarks, EMEA margins are a combination of a number of factors that we’ve taken into account, price, cost management, managing the spread, right? And I have to say, credit to the team, they do a good job of managing that pricing to inflation, identifying opportunities to manage both fixed and variable costs on an ongoing basis. We do a lot of work, including using AI around power management in particular, which is a big number as you know. But there is no one driver. There’s no silver bullet that gets us where we’ve gotten to. And it’s a combination of many different factors that come together and all the effort that gets put in.

So, I see these margins sustainable. I see that now we offer EMEA as the target for the other segments to strive to. And you’ll recall this, Peter, that when we obviously first merged, we always — there was lots of questions around EMEA margins and whether they would ever reach Americas. They’ve obviously overtaken Americas now. And now Americas is chasing EMEA. So I’m pleased to see how the team has really come together to deliver on that result. And I can assure you — there’s been a lot of work that’s gone in to get us to this point. And obviously, that momentum I expect to see continue. As far as pricing is concerned, they’ve done a fantastic job around pricing, being consistent in laying that out for you guys. And I see the whole concept of pricing at Linde being different to what you may hear from others.

In our view, it’s all about product pricing. We don’t believe necessarily in just having surcharges over time. Surcharges get translated into product pricing. And that’s where sustainable pricing actions really have an impact. And for us, that’s what I expect to see. And that’s what I would expect going forward as well.

Peter Clark: Excellent. Thank you.

Operator: We will take our next question from Jeffrey Zekauskas with JPMorgan. Your line is open.

Jeffrey Zekauskas: Thanks very much. Your volumes year-on-year were down 1%. And I think one of the things that Linde says is that new projects add about 2% growth. So should we think of the volume growth or the base volume growth as really negative three? Or is the amount that you expect from new projects smaller? And then secondly, your average EBITDA margin is around 37%. When you look at your helium business, is your helium business meaningfully above that margin or below or at that level?

Sanjiv Lamba: Thanks, Jeff. Let me start off by just addressing the base volume piece. So, I’d say the new projects added about a percentage point on growth and base volumes are down about minus two at CTU, which as I’ve said before, reflect for us our globally rated industrial production. I’ve also said before that we are not happy with where that number is and that growth is also a key priority and focus for us. And we’re pushing on many of those growth levers across the world. So I feel that we’ve got a number of actions in play at the moment, which is there to support base volume as we move forward. As far as helium is concerned, as you know, and we’ve said this a number of times, it is a very small, low single digit part of our sales piece.

So it doesn’t really in any way impact us. And I know there’s been a lot of noise around helium recently. It’s an attractive business for us. And given its size, the overall impact of the EBITDA margin is really not consequential.

Jeffrey Zekauskas: Thanks.

Operator: And we will take our next question from David Begleiter with Deutsche Bank. Your line is open.

David Begleiter: Thank you. Good morning. A question on CapEx, given the lack of volume growth the last few quarters, why are you not increasing CapEx as opposed to now lowering it here?

Matt White: David, you know how we think about our business, right? For us, as we are seeing the industrial environment around us, we are actually ensuring that we are taking productivity actions across the board, right? And CapEx is no different. So the CapEx reduction is really driven by our CapEx optimization, both in our backlog and the base CapEx as well. And the teams around the world have scrubbed their CapEx numbers, and they are kind of consistent with the weak industrial activity that we’re seeing. Now I said before that we are very open to pushing on a number of growth actions that we are taking. And as a result of that, we find a pickup on small onsites, pickup on CapEx sometimes necessary for applications development, then clearly I think that will get factored into our base CapEx. As things stand now, just because CapEx sits on the balance sheet doesn’t mean we ignore it.

We are giving it our full attention, and we are looking at productivity in that CapEx number itself. But we are not constrained. And if we have high-quality projects come through, small or big, we will actually make sure that we are investing in them, and then the CapEx spend will actually reflect that.

David Begleiter: Thank you.

Operator: And we will take our next question from Vincent Andrews with Morgan Stanley. Your line is open.

Vincent Andrews: Hi, this is Steven Haynes on for Vincent. Thanks for taking my question. I just wanted to maybe come back to the Americas performance in the quarter. And two of the bigger pieces of your pie there, manufacturing and healthcare were down. It sounds like maybe you walked away from some volume and also had some maybe some one-time issues into aerospace. So, I’d be interested if you’d kind of quantify the collective impact of those two items and what you’re assuming for the balance of the year or just generally how we should be thinking about that? Thank you.

Sanjiv Lamba: Yes. So I mean, as I said earlier on, as I was talking about the Americas, we basically – we did see – let’s start with the hard goods part of the business, which is related to the manufacturing piece, so hard goods were down mid-single digit. And yes, we’ve been taking a very close look at that equipment portfolio and we’ve been rationalizing where we think it’s appropriate. So, we are seeing a reflection of that in the numbers there. In addition to that, just talking about healthcare, again, I think, healthcare I said on sleep, on oxygen, on respiratory, we saw continued demand being there, but it was offset. It was offset by, again, rationalization of some of the DME portfolio that we have, which wasn’t really meeting the business criteria that we expect from our portfolio more broadly.

So those were concerted and actions that were very intentional about where we want the quality of that business to be. And we have adjusted for both of those, as you would expect. That’s reflected in the numbers that you’re seeing. Manufacturing did more broadly decline mid-single digit, as I said earlier on. Within the packaged gas business, there was a timing difference. You referenced aerospace. I want to just explain that. Aerospace, as you know, is lumpy by its very nature. The number of launches that happened, the number of satellites and the amount of propulsion gases needed for the satellites. And we saw that reflected in the quarter. And that, I fully expect that aerospace volumes will be robust and will be back in the next three quarters, just given the amount of launches that have been announced by various customers we have.

Vincent Andrews: Okay. Thank you.

Operator: And we will take our next question from John Roberts with Mizuho. Your line is open.

John Roberts: Thank you. We’re seeing project cost inflation across a lot of our industries, not just gases, but chemicals broadly. Does that drive any shift between sale of gas and sale of plant as you have new project discussions with customers, or does that not affect that decision?

Sanjiv Lamba: John, we look at every project on merit, and we will make, as you know, we said before, we are unique in the fact that we have that optionality between pursuing sale of gas versus sale of plant. So, we look at fundamental economics around the project and look at the risk profile before we determine which way we go. Really, the project cost movement or capital cost inflation, that’s broadly there in the marketplace isn’t really a factor that gets considered over there. I think what we consider is the risk return profile. If it meets our investment criteria, we are happy to have that as a sale of gas backlog. And you see that, we’re currently executing just under $5 billion of those. So, feel that we have that optionality as a really strong competitive advantage when we go to market for such projects.

John Roberts: Thank you.

Operator: And we will take our next question from Josh Spector with UBS. Your line is open.

Josh Spector: Yes, hi. Good morning. I had a question on two of your kind of recent announcements here. So when you talked about decaptivating some assets from a metal customer in Asia, is that hitting the books now or is that something that’s a benefit more a quarter or two from now? And then also with your electrolyzer investments in Latin America, just curious if you could frame around the environment down there. I think we’re talking more about investments in North America and Europe and particularly around support or subsidy schemes. So, how does that differ from those regions versus Latin America and why invest there? Thanks.

Sanjiv Lamba: So let’s start off with the decaptivation. So you’re right, we’ve decaptivated a plant from one of the large steel customers. As I said earlier on in my prepared remarks, customers see the benefit of bringing those assets into our network. Obviously, enhances reliability, enhances efficiency. And clearly, Linde is the preferred option when it comes to operating plants like this. So, when we think about decaptivation, for us, decaptivation opportunities have to meet the same investment criteria that we would set for our own investments. We are happy to purchase these assets where those conditions are met, where the quality of the asset and the quality of the customer are good. Typically in a year, we would see, I don’t know, maybe a dozen or so decaptivation opportunities.

We would probably go ahead on two or three of those. So the one that you’re referencing with Baowu is one that we decided to go forward with and feel really good about how that fits well with our network, both providing that optimization but more importantly, improving our network density in that area as well. So again, I think we are seeing movement around that and we are happy to be able to be selective around decap projects as they happen. As far as Brazil is concerned, this was a really good opportunity for us and I was happy that we were able to put a clean energy asset on the ground in Brazil, improve hydrogen network density and actually help decarbonize the customers around there who were actually looking for that. There are a couple of factors that are different, right?

You’ll remember that Brazil has a high renewable energy mix available in its grid and it’s very competitively priced. So renewable energy obviously is one of the constraints in the development of what I call renewable hydrogen or electrolysis hydrogen. And in Brazil it’s really competitive price so therefore it actually makes the economics work well. The other piece that works well also is that the comps to natural gas pricing, which is quite high, actually makes the green hydrogen that comes out of electrolysis reasonably competitive and therefore attractive for customers to want to use that to decarbonize. So those factors came together to really provide a great opportunity for us to increase our network density, put an electrolyzer on the ground and we are really happy with that.

Just briefly on decap, I know you had asked a question and I probably didn’t respond to it in terms of timing and typically decap timing starts now. And yes, in some cases where you’ve got a new plant coming on there is a little bit of a ramp but typically the timing is here and now.

Josh Spector: Thank you very much.

Operator: We will take our next question from Patrick Cunningham with Citi. Your line is open.

Eric Zhang: Hi, good morning. This is Eric Zhang on for Patrick. Can you elaborate on the productivity initiatives in Americas and EMEA? Have those initiatives changed or been adjusted to account for any changes in your macro outlook? Thank you.

Sanjiv Lamba: So we’ve said this in the past. I’m going to now just reiterate the point that there is no silver bullet on productivity. We run about 13,000 to 14,000 projects a year. A significant portion of those projects happen both in Americas and in EMEA. So there is a track record of taking those productivity projects and driving them hard to make sure that those benefits come through. The EMEA margins are reflecting that. There has been a lot of action both around managing total cash fixed costs with a lot of rigor around that and ensuring that productivity actions are happening and projects are being developed. The Americas across the board from U.S., Canada to Latin America have got a great organizational rigor around productivity projects and we are seeing them ramp up given the economic conditions.

I think Matt made the point earlier on. When we see economic conditions as we are at the moment, we are obviously very focused on managing costs and taking mitigation actions to ensure that we’re able to hold the guidance where we have at the midpoint as you know. And we have a track record of being able to successfully do that. I feel pretty good about where those productivity actions today are both in the Americas as well as EMEA. And obviously, we are constantly pushing to make sure we get a bit more done beyond just what the targets are.