Climate change may have been responsible for Hurricane Sandy’s $60 billion-plus in damage. It also may be to blame for last summer’s drought that cost another $77 billion. Maybe chalk up record-high temperatures, flooding, and wildfires in Australia to a changing climate. But could stranger weather destroy hundreds of billions in companies’ value?
It’s possible. A lot of the energy reserves that sit in the ground might not be able to be extracted if policy to mitigate climate change aggressively targets limiting carbon dioxide emissions. And a lot of energy companies’ value comes from their proven reserves.
Climate primer
The goal of only a two-degree Celsius increase in global temperature, which was the agreed-upon goal in Copenhagen in 2009 to avoid the worst of climate change, is based on an atmosphere with 450 parts per million of carbon dioxide. With a two-degree increase, global sea levels are expected to be more than 20 feet higher and the entire ice sheet over Greenland will eventually melt. But at the rate the planet is currently headed, global temperatures could rise over six degrees Celsius.
To achieve this two-degree goal, the International Energy Agency writes, “No more than one-third of proven reserves of fossil fuels can be consumed prior to 2050… unless carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology is widely deployed.” It continues, “Almost two-thirds of these carbon reserves are related to coal, 22% to oil, and 15% to gas.”
Trying to determine what that means for individual companies would be a tough task for individual investors, but, thankfully, HSBC Holdings plc (ADR) (NYSE:HBC) took on this task for European-based companies. The study is more of a thought experiment than hard analysis because there are so many variables, such as how policy would restrict energy reserves and which companies would be affected most. But for long-term investors, it’s a good question to explore — especially with President Obama’s recent emphasis on climate matters in both his inauguration speech and his new pick for chief of staff.
Chopping value in half
According to FT Alphaville, the report imagines a world with less demand for oil and gas with a much more efficient transportation sector. Due to less demand, the prices of oil and gas fall and companies abandon projects that are too costly to pursue. This leaves a portion of proven and probable reserves, or P2 reserves, in the ground. Just how much?
| Company | Proven Reserves (mmboe) | Estimated Unburnable of P2 Reserves |
| Shell -A) (NYSE:RDS.A) | 14,250 | <10% |
| BP (NYSE:BP) | 17,748 | 25-30% |
| Total (NYSE:TOT) | 11,423 | 10-15% |
| Statoil (NYSE:STO) | 5,426 | 15% |
| Eni (NYSE:E) | 7,090 | 10-15% |
Source: Company listed reserves; FT Alphaville.
Shell makes out the best of the European companies from the estimates, only restricting a bit less than 10% of its proven and probable oil and gas reserves. BP, on the other hand, leaves more than 25% of its proven reserves in the ground. Total, Statoil, and Eni fall in between.
These numbers don’t seem so bad, until you look at how a cut in reserves and prices affects the market capitalizations of each company.
Shell, BP, and Total lose between 40% and 50% of their market caps. Eni (NYSE:E)’s market cap is more than cut in half. And Statoil faces more than a 60% drop in value. For those looking at energy companies as guaranteed bets on an energy-hungry future, considering the potential of regulation, especially from the European side, is a must.
