Harsh Kumar: Thanks, Tim. Very clear. And for my follow-up, I had a philosophical question. So, you guys always try to provide the best experience for consumers. To that end, I think, over the last decade you in-sourced a lot of important chips in your phones, in your Macs, iPads, so on and so forth. And that was, I think, a function that ARM wasn’t around in the industry from a merchant angle. But now, we see these the silicon guys, the chip guys moving to ARM architecture. So my question to you is, has the move to internal silicon been economically profitable proposition for Apple? Or is it — or is it a strategic one, where you simply need to own this and it’s vital to your products for the consumer experience or maybe there’s a path back to chip vendors at some point in time?
Tim Cook: It’s really enabled us to build products that we could not build without doing it ourselves. And as you know, we like to own the primary technologies in the products that we ship and arguably, the silicon is at the heart of the primary technologies, and so, no, I don’t see going back. I am happier today than I was yesterday, than I was last week that we made the transition that we’ve made, and I see that benefit every day of it.
Harsh Kumar: Thanks, Tim.
Tim Cook: Yeah.
Suhasini Chandramouli: Thank you, Harsh. We’ll take the next question, please.
Operator: Our next question is from Wamsi Mohan from Bank of America. Please go ahead.
Wamsi Mohan: Yes. Thank you so much. Tim, over the last decade, pretty much you’ve gained a lot of share in China. As you look, your — some of the domestic players are starting to re-emerge, especially in the high-end phone space. I know you touched on China. But how would you see Apple’s positioning and opportunity for continued share gains, particularly in China? And how was the linearity in China from a demand perspective? And I have a follow-up, please.
Tim Cook: In the September quarter, we set an iPhone record — revenue record in China and we’re very proud of that and we obviously grew. The market predictions that I’ve seen, we’ve had the market contracting. And so if that’s — if those are correct, then we gained share last quarter. And so we are very proud of that, I don’t know what every quarter will hold. And obviously, we just give a bit of color on the current quarter. But over the long term, I view China as an incredibly important market and I’m very optimistic about it.
Wamsi Mohan: Okay. Thanks, Tim. And as a follow-up, you obviously had a great Services quarter and part of your Services business has these licensing relationships with research partners, where you serve a very important distribution function for them. Can you talk about how you think about these relationships and potentially some of the options maybe Apple has to mitigate some of the risks, given some of the scrutiny on with some of the research partners? Thank you so much.
Luca Maestri: They are important relationships. And as you know, we don’t get into our commercial relationships in the call. I see them as important and we make decisions that are in the best interest of our users or what we feel is in the best interest of our users. And that’s kind of what we’ve done in the past and how we’ve — how we’ll run the show in the future as well.
Wamsi Mohan: Okay. Thank you, Tim.
Suhasini Chandramouli: Thank you, Wamsi. Can we have the next question, please.
Operator: Our next question comes from Krish Sankar with TD Cowen. Please go ahead.
Krish Sankar: Yeah. Hi. Thanks for taking the question. I had two of them too. First one, Luca, thanks for the color on gross margin. And when I look at it over the last four quarters, even if on a year-over-year basis revenue declined, the gross margins have improved. And I understand Services definitely helped. I’m just kind of curious, when you look at on a go forward basis, are most of the big step functions and cost reductions like the Mac Silicon conversion, et cetera, that are done or is there more room for margin expansion from here? And then, I had a follow-up.
Luca Maestri: Well, on the product side, as you know, we — when we launch new products, the cost structures of those products tend to be higher than the products that they replace. It happens because we are always adding new technologies, new features, and then, we worked through the cost curve over the lifecycle of the product and we tend to get benefits as time goes by. The guidance that we provided for December reflects all that and so we’re starting from a better position than a year ago or than, in the past, in general. There are other factors that play a role. For example, the mix of products that we sell. Not every product has the same gross margin profile, and so our guidance, our results are reflective of that. And also, within a specific product category, a lot depends on the kind of models that we sell because they have different margin profiles.
I think one of the things that we’ve done well over the last few years is to offer more affordability solutions to our customers in the form of instalment plans, trading options, and spend — low-cost financing in general. And what that has accomplished is reduced the affordability threshold for our customers and therefore, they can, buy at the top of our product ranges. That has been a big factor in the reason for our margin expansion. We don’t provide guidance or color past the current quarter because there’s so many different variables that affect gross margins, but we obviously feel very good about the trajectory that we’ve had in 2023 and now, the guidance that we provide for the beginning of our fiscal ’24. And we need some of these things because, obviously, their foreign exchange environment has been difficult and has been a bit of a drag for us.
But net-net, we’re very pleased where we are.
Krish Sankar: Got it. Thanks for that, Luca. And then, I have a follow-up for Tim. Obviously, you’re seeing amazing momentum in India. I’m just kind of curious how do you look at — when you look at the India growth opportunity on these hardware units, how to think about ASP relative to that versus like the rest of the geographies? And is there a way to compare or contrast India, growth momentum versus China maybe a decade ago or so at the same point in the rollout of, the share gains in that geography?
Tim Cook: Yeah. It’s a great question. We had an all-time revenue record in India. We grew very strong double-digits. It’s an incredibly exciting market for us and a major focus of ours. We have low share in a large market, and so it would seem there’s a lot of headroom there. The ASPs, I haven’t looked at them most recently, but I’m sure that they’re lower than the worldwide. But that doesn’t bother us at all. It just — and in terms of the similarity, I would say, each country has its own journey. And I wouldn’t want to play the comparison game. But we see an extraordinary market, a lot of people moving into the middle class, distribution is getting better, lots of positives. We put two retail stores there, as you know. They’re doing better than we anticipated. It’s still early going, but they’re off to a good start and I couldn’t be happier with how things are going at the moment.
