Justin Post: Great. Maybe one for Andy and then one for Brian. AWS, if you look at the revenue growth of mid-teens, it implies it could be flattish and even down this quarter. So maybe talk about what’s driving that. Is it workload changes? Are there some clients that are shifting? Anything on the market share you could comment on? And then second, when do you think this could recover? Like what’s the time frame? And would you expect margins to come back when revenues reaccelerate? I’ll leave it at that.
Brian Olsavsky: Thanks, Justin, for your question. This is Brian. Let me start with the — what we’re seeing at the customer level. So as I’ve mentioned, continuing — it’s across all industries. There are some points of weakness, things like financial services, like mortgage companies that do. As mortgage volumes down, some of their compute challenges or compute volumes are down. Crypto is — lower trading in crypto. And things tied to advertising, as there’s lower advertising spend, there’s less analytics and compute on advertising spend as well. But — so there’s . But by and large, what we’re seeing is just an interest and a priority by our customers to get their spend down as they enter an economic downturn. We’re doing the same thing at Amazon, questioning our infrastructure expenses as well as everything else.
And we — there’s things you can do. You can defer — you can switch to lower-cost products. You can run calculations less frequently. There’s just — you can do different types of storage on your data. So there’s ways to alter your cost and your bill in a short period of time. I think that’s what we’re seeing. And as I said, we’re working with our customers to help them do that. And again, we’re seeing ourselves at Amazon. So I’ll let Andy add some color on kind of the general trends in AWS, but that’s more what we’re seeing at the customer level right now.
Andrew Jassy: So I would just add — I mean, I think Brian covered a bunch of it. I think most enterprises right now are acting cautiously. You see it with virtually every enterprise, and we’re being very thoughtful about streamlining our costs as well. And when you are being cautious, you look for ways that you can find — you can spend less money. And where companies can cost optimize or, in some cases, they may be used to doing analysis over 90 days of information and they say, “Well, can I get away with it for 2 weeks, doing 2 weeks’ worth,” it’s not necessarily the best thing long term. But a lot of companies will do that when they’re in uncertain economic situation. And the reality is that the way that we’ve built all our businesses, but AWS in this particular instance, is that we’re going to help our customers find a way to spend less money.
We are not focused on trying to optimize in any one quarter or any one year, we’re trying to build a set of relationships in business that outlast all of us. And so if it’s good for our customers to find a way to be more cost effective in an uncertain economy, our team is going to spend a lot of cycles doing that. And it’s one of the advantages that we’ve talked about since we launched AWS in 2006 of the cloud, which is that when it turns out you have a lot more demand than you anticipated, you can seamlessly scale up. But if it turns out that you don’t need as much demand as you had, you can give it back to us and stop paying for it. And that elasticity is very unusual. It’s something you can’t do on-premises, which is one of the many reasons why the cloud is and AWS are very effective for customers.
