In this article, we discuss the Requirements for Dual Citizenship. If you want to check out our detailed analysis, go directly to Dual Citizenship Advantages, Disadvantages, and Requirements.
Dual citizenship requirements can be fulfilled, primarily through five ways; by birth, descent, naturalization, marriage, and investment.
1. Dual Citizenship by Birth
One of the requirements for dual citizenship is automatically achieved, depending on the immigration laws of two countries, upon the birth of a child. This birthright citizenship is derived from two concepts simultaneously: jus soli (based on the place of birth) and jus sanguinis (based on blood relations). In simple terms, a child born in a country where the parents are foreign citizens would obtain one citizenship status from the birth country and the other citizenship status from the parents.
2. Dual Citizenship by Descent
Although it falls under the same category as birthright citizenship, there are a few differences. While birthright citizenship is claimed by submitting a citizenship application after birth, citizenship by descent requires proof of a direct ancestral tie to the country. Dual citizenship through descent is not limited to children; it is also available to grandchildren and great-grandchildren. Notably, countries like Malta and Greece confer this status even on younger generations. The required application process for this type of citizenship is typically easy and quick, taking only a few months.
3. Dual citizenship by Naturalization
For individuals aspiring to obtain citizenship in a country where no familial ties by birth or descent can be established, naturalization is the most common, albeit challenging, approach. This process typically involves spending several years and building economic and cultural relations in the chosen country. Generally, the naturalization period requires residing in the country for more than five years. Individuals can enter the countries for business purposes, work permits, or on study visas. The naturalization process necessitates proving proficiency in the language, as well as understanding the history and culture of the country, by passing specific exams. In Canada, for instance, dual citizenship requirements involve being a permanent resident, residing in the country for three of the past five years, filing taxes, passing tests demonstrating an understanding of citizenship responsibilities and rights, and showing proficiency in either English or French.
4. Dual Citizenship by Marriage
While typically a naturalization process, it deviates from the original course in exemption from certain requirements like the time period for residence, language proficiency, and others. However, it’s important to note that a quick fix through marriage may have negative repercussions if the marriage is not genuine. Not only could the citizenship be revoked, but in some countries, engaging in fraudulent marriages is also criminally liable. In the United States, citizens can be granted dual citizenship through marriage to a citizen of another country.
5. Dual Citizenship by Investment
Depending on specific programs and countries, the investment route is often considered the easiest and most cost-effective way to obtain dual citizenship. Through this process, individuals can legally invest in real estate, government bonds, businesses, or other qualified investments. This arrangement is usually mutually beneficial, as the host country gains foreign direct investment, providing a boost to its economies, real estate, and businesses. In return, the investor earns not only financial returns but also the citizenship of another country. After necessary checks, applicants and their families can acquire dual citizenship and passports. Many European countries offer competitive investment programs for permanent residency or citizenship.For a detailed analysis, see our article 10 Cheapest Residency or Citizenship by Investment Programs in Europe.
While requirement for dual citizenship by investment varies according to countries some general rules are:
- The applicant should be older than 18
- The applicant should have a clean record—no criminal record or prosecution
- The applicant must also ensure legality of the invested income
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