Ever since the United States of America became a nation, the struggle between opposing social classes — those who have much, and those who have very little — was present. In the early 1900s, John D. Rockefeller was worth over $300 billion (adjusted for inflation), and Andrew Carnegie was not far behind, controlling a wildly disproportionate amount of the country’s wealth. The two men controlled such expansive and important businesses that the government was forced to make new laws to restrict monopolies, like the Sherman Act of 1890, the Clayton Act of 1914, and the Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914.
The ultra-rich will always exist, but over the past 50 years, we’ve seen a divergence in income among levels of the middle class. What’s interesting is what has caused this change in wealth in America.
Those who have more, make more
Over the past 50 years, the income gap broadened not only for the ultra-wealthy, but among the working class, as well. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, if you are in the 20th percentile of wage-earners (20% of people make less, 80% of people make more) your income (adjusted for inflation) grew 11.8% since 1967. If you lie in the 80th percentile, your income rose 45.7%, and for those in 95th percentile, your income escalated a staggering 66.3%.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Note: All data in 2011 dollars.
As is clearly illustrated, the gap between the haves and have-nots has intensified, and the country is quickly leaving half of its citizens behind.
The drivers of income inequality
The biggest factor propelling the ever-expanding income gap is education. The Census Bureau tracks incomes among different education levels, and since the current survey began in 1991, the results are resoundingly weighted toward those with higher educations.
As noted in the table below, the overall income growth is 14.1%; however, for those with an associate’s degree or less, income is actually down over the past 20 years, when adjusting for inflation. Nevertheless, the data also expresses a 9%-14% spike in bachelor’s degrees or higher, which consequently accounts for the overall income growth since 1991.
| Degree | 2011 Mean Income | Growth Since 1991 |
|---|---|---|
| All education levels | $71,329 | 14.11% |
| Less than ninth grade | $30,349 | 3.88% |
| Ninth-12th grade | $34,399 | -6.83% |
| High school graduate | $52,177 | -2.63% |
| Some college | $61,431 | -5.03% |
| Associate’s degree | $70,376 | -0.77% |
| Bachelor’s degree or more | $108,382 | 9.02% |
| Bachelor’s degree | $97,897 | 8.29% |
| Master’s degree | $116,584 | 14.23% |
| Professional degree | $165,246 | 11.82% |
| Doctoral degree | $138,998 | 8.02% |
Source: U.S. Census Bureau.
You could point to many factors for this divergence among incomes as education level changes, but the biggest factor is the productivity of manufacturing and the falling demand for unskilled labor.
From 1991 to 2011, overall private business output per labor hour rose 58%, while manufacturing output per labor hour rose 111%. Machines became bigger, better, and more complicated over that time, requiring fewer low-skill operators to produce the same amount of goods. Meanwhile, skilled operators who are in demand need a more advanced educational level than a high school degree — a trend I have seen in my own career.
The flip-side: The workers, who were now operating a piece of equipment that cost tens of millions of dollars to install, had to be smart to keep it running, with more than a ninth-grade education, a requirement the company may not have had in 1967. You can see above that a worker with at least an associate’s degree makes more than double someone without a high school education. The economy doesn’t just demand a pair of hands these days; it demands a smart pair of hands and it’s willing to pay for them.
Companies squeeze more out of workers
To put this in a corporate context; I went back and took a look at how manufacturing companies have improved productivity over the past two decades. 3M Co (NYSE:MMM), General Electric Company (NYSE:GE), and Ford Motor Company (NYSE:F) are three of the biggest manufacturers in the country, and also among the largest employers. Each shows the same trend of improving productivity per employee by about 100%
| 1993 | 2012 | Percent Change | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3M Revenue | $14.02 billion | $29.90 billion | 113.3% |
| 3M Employees | 86,168 | 87,677 | 1.7% |
| Ford Revenue | $91.57 billion | $134.25 billion | 46.6% |
| Ford Employees | 322,213 | 171,000 | (46.9%) |
| GE Revenue | $60.56 billion | $147.36 billion | 143.3% |
| GE Employees | 222,000 | 305,000 | 37.4% |
Source: SEC filings.
Clearly, companies are squeezing more revenue from each employee, and they need fewer low-skill workers in the process. Ford Motor Company (NYSE:F) even cut its staff by 46.9%, one of the major drivers of layoffs for blue-collar employers in Detroit.
Why are there haves and have-nots?
Education isn’t the only reason for the divergence of incomes in America, but I think it’s the main driver, and I don’t see any reason the trend will change course. Fewer low-skilled workers are needed to produce more goods, and people need a way to differentiate themselves to demand a high wage.
Kids, it’s time to hit the books.
The article How America Became a Country of Haves and Have-Nots originally appeared on Fool.com.
Fool contributor Travis Hoium has no position in any stocks mentioned. The Motley Fool recommends 3M and Ford. The Motley Fool owns shares of Ford and General Electric Company.
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